Strategies to improve function after CNS injuries must contend with the failure of axons to regrow after transection in adult mammals. In this issue of Neuron, Smith et al. provide an important advance by demonstrating that SOCS3 acts as a key negative regulator of adult optic nerve regeneration.

A major question in studying adult neurogenesis is the source and identity of molecules that regulate stem cells. In this issue of Neuron, uncover that endothelial-derived NT-3 acts as a mediator of quiescence in the V-SVZ adult neural stem cell niche.

Neurogenic niches in the adult mammalian brain are composed of heterogeneous populations of neural stem cells. In this issue of Neuron, Codega et al. (2014) isolate quiescent neural stem cells from the adult subventricular zone and demonstrate their stem cell characteristics.

Adult neurogenesis is mediated by immature neural precursors that divide within the residual germinal matrices of the brain. In the paper by in this issue of Neuron, the "cause and effect" of adult neurogenesis takes a major step forward with the description of a vascular signaling network that influences neuronal precursor migration and fate.

The human brain has hundreds of billions neurons and at least 7 million dendrites have been hypothesized to exist for each neuron, with over 100 trillion neuron–neuron, neuron–muscle, neuron–endocrine cell synapses [...]

Intracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (iNAMPT) in neuron has been known as a protective factor against cerebral ischemia through its enzymatic activity, but the role of central extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT) is not clear. Here we show that eNAMPT protein level was elevated in the ischemic rat brain after middle-cerebral-artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion, which can be traced t...

There is ongoing controversy as to whether the understanding of adult mammalian neurogenesis gained from rodent studies is applicable to humans. In this issue of Neuron, Bergmann et al. (2012) propose that adult human olfactory bulb neurogenesis with long-term neuronal survival is extremely limited.

Adult neural stem cells originate from the embryonic brain, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly known. In this issue of Neuron, Falk et al. (2017) reveal how the timely control of cleavage plane orientation during division of embryonic neural progenitors has a specific and long-lasting impact on adult neurogenesis.

New neurons are continuously integrated into adult hippocampal circuitry and play important roles in cognitive and affective functions. In this issue of Neuron, Bergami et al. (2015) report an experience-dependent remodeling of the afferent connectivity of adult-born dentate granule neurons.

Motor neurons in ALS die via cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Using adult human astrocytes and motor neurons, Re et al. (2014), in this issue of Neuron, discover that familial and sporadic ALS-derived human adult astrocytes secrete neurotoxic factors that selectively kill motor neurons through necroptosis, suggesting a new therapeutic avenue.