Recognition of microbial components by APCs and their activation through Toll-like receptors (TLR) leads to the induction of adaptive immune responses. In this study, we show that activation of TLR2 by its synthetic ligand Pam3Cys, in contrast to activation of TLR9 by immunostimulatory DNA (ISS-ODN), induces a prominent Th2-biased immune response. Activation of APCs by Pam3Cys resulted in the i...

The intestinal mucosa is unique in that it can be tolerant to the resident, symbiotic microbiota but remaining, at the same time, responsive to and able to fight pathogens. The close interaction between host-symbiotic microbiota at the mucosal level poses important challenges since microbial breaches through the gut barrier can result in the breakdown of gut homeostasis. In this paper, hosts-in...

Yersinia uses a type III secretion system (TTSS) to deliver six effector proteins into host cells. These six proteins harbor distinct activities that are mimicries of host functions but often have acquired unique biochemical features. The host targets for these effectors appear to be limited to a few key signaling components such as G proteins and kinases, whereas their models of action are div...

Background: Gap junctions composed of connexins (Cx) are functional in cell defense by propagation of toxic/death molecules to neighboring cells. Hippocampus, one of the brain regions with particular vulnerability to damage, has a wide network of gap junctions. Functional response of astrocytic Cx30 and neuronal Cx32 to hippocampal damage is unknown. Methods: We infused lipopolysaccharide (LPS)...

This paper presents a new variable step-size normalized subband adaptive filter (VSS-NSAF) algorithm. The proposed algorithm uses the prior knowledge of the system impulse response statistics and the optimal step-size vector is obtained by minimizing the mean-square deviation(MSD). In comparison with NSAF, the VSS-NSAF algorithm has faster convergence speed and lower MSD. To reduce the computa...

a multi objective honey bee mating optimization (hbmo) designed by online learning mechanism is proposed in this paper to optimize the double fuzzy-lead-lag (fll) stabilizer parameters in order to improve low-frequency oscillations in a multi machine power system. the proposed double fll stabilizer consists of a low pass filter and two fuzzy logic controllers whose parameters can be set by the ...

background: the exposure of cell lines to low-dose irradiation leads to changes at molecular level, which may induce adaptive response. we examined radio-adaptive doses effect on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (ht29) and human fetal fibroblasts (mrc5) cell line followed by hyper and hypo fractionation regimes, with main purpose to decrease cell viability in ht29, and at the same time...

four hundred and eighty mixed-sex broiler chicks aged 3 hrs after hatching were allotted according to a completely random design in a 6 × 2 × 2 factorial schedule into 2 groups of 12 replications of 20 chicks each. the main experimental factors were fasting for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hrs after chick placement, calcium gluconate (ca-glu) injection (0 and 0.6 ml) and sex (male and female). inde...

Adaptive response to stress is a fundamental property of living systems. At the cellular level, many different types of stress elicit an essentially limited repertoire of adaptive responses. Epigenetic changes are the main mechanism for medium- to long-term adaptation to accumulated (intense, long-term, or repeated) stress. We propose the adaptive deregulation of the epigenome in response to st...