The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) selectively translocates antigenic peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum. Loading onto major histocompatibility complex class I molecules and proofreading of these bound epitopes are orchestrated within the macromolecular peptide-loading complex, which assembles on TAP. This heterodimeric ABC-binding cassette (ABC) transport complex is ...

The vertebrate skeleton is an adaptive structure that responds to mechanical stimuli by increasing bone mass under increased mechanical loads. Although experimental animal models have shown the anabolic cortical bone response to applied load decreases with age, no consensus exists regarding whether this adaptive mechanism is affected by age in cancellous bone, the tissue most impacted by age-re...

In order to handle massively parallel systems and make them usable, an adaptive, application-oriented operating system is required. The application-orientedness is represented by the family concept of parallel operating systems. Incremental loading of operating system services supports the family character by automatically extending the system's active object structure when it is necessary. Thi...

Under mechanical loading, most living cells show a viscoelastic deformation that follows a power law in time. After removal of the mechanical load, the cell shape recovers only incompletely to its original undeformed configuration. Here, we show that incomplete shape recovery is due to an additive plastic deformation that displays the same power-law dynamics as the fully reversible viscoelastic...

Drosophila subobscura is a European (EU) species that was introduced into South America (SA) approximately 25 years ago. Previous studies have found rapid clinal evolution in wing size and in chromosome inversion frequency in the SA colonists, and these clines parallel those found among the ancestral EU populations. Here we examine thermoplastic changes in wing length in flies reared at 15, 20,...

Multiple delamination planes can form when a composite structure is subjected to out-of-plane stresses during static over-loading or impact loading. Numerical modelling of such events often prohibitively expensive because large numbers cracks co-exist and interact, fracture models usually affect the time step size in explicit solutions. Here new method called Adaptive Mesh Segmentation proposed...

Adaptive beamforming suffers from performance degradation in the presence of mismatch between the actual and presumed array steering vector of the desired signal. This idea enlightens us, so we propose a subspace approach to adaptive beamforming that is robust to array errors based on minimizing MUSIC output power. The proposed method involves two steps, the first step is to estimate the actual...

In this paper, we review recent studies of the mechanism by which mechanical loading of bone is transduced into cellular signals of bone adaptation. Current biomechanical theory and in vivo as well as in vitro experiments agree that the three-dimensional network of osteocytes and bone-lining cells provides the cellular basis for mechanosensing in bone, leading to adaptive bone (re)modeling. The...

Distributed Systems are useful for computation and storage of large scale data at dispersed location. Distributed File System (DFS) is a subsystem of Distributed System. DFS is a means of sharing of storage space and data. Servers, Storage devices and Clients are on dispersed location in DFS. Fault tolerance and Scalability are two main features of distributed file system. Performance of DFS is...

Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) systems with optimal power and bit loading are suitable for wired-line applications but have high complexity in wireless links because of the channel uctuations. Adaptive modulation is better suited in wireless communications, assuming that training sequences are periodically transmitted to allow an accurate estimate of the channel parameters. In these applications, ra...