In the 1980s, the hegemony of the large US advertising networks has been challenged by a new breed of London-based agencies who pioneered what is known in the trade as `second wave'. On the one hand, second wave implied the emancipation of Soho from an `outpost of Madison Avenue' to the `advertising village' on the basis of momentous product and process innovations. On the other hand, a few Lon...

This paper evaluates the impact of village-level land reallocations in China on household economic outcomes. Since land was decollectivized in China in 1983, village leaders have implemented regular forced reallocations of land designed to enhance intravillage equity and attain other policy goals. I estimate the impact of insecure tenure using the past history of land shifts as an instrument fo...

OBJECTIVE Village doctors, informal health care providers practicing modern medicine, are dominant health care providers in rural Bangladesh. Given their role, it is important to examine their prescription pattern and inappropriate use of medication. METHODS These cross-sectional study data were collected through surveys of patients seen by village doctors during 2008 and 2010 at Chakaria, a ...

The paper presents the results of a survey carried out in the Slavonian village of Vođinci in 2006. The survey focused on the young people’s opinion about the quality of life and disadvantages of living in a rural area, and on their intention to stay in or leave the village. The results indicate that the main drawbacks for the young living in the village are poor working conditions (including u...

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infects most avian species. The serious consequence is the disease (frequently fatal) that occurs when virulent strains of the virus infect domestic chickens. The epidemiology of Newcastle disease (ND) in commercial chickens is fairly well understood. Infected chickens are the usual source of virus, which can be transported mechanically by fomites or by people. Pre...

BACKGROUND Few studies have described heterogeneity in Schistosoma japonicum infection intensity, and none were done in Philippines. The purpose of this report is to describe the village-to-village variation in the prevalence of two levels of infection intensity across 50 villages of Samar Province, the Philippines. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in 25 rain-fed and 25 irriga...

BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated health impacts, especially biomarker changes, following implementation of a new environmental policy. This study examined changes in water fluoride, urinary fluoride (UF), and bone metabolism indicators in children after supplying low fluoride public water in endemic fluorosis areas of Southern China. We also assessed the relationship between UF and serum o...

BACKGROUND Supervision is meant to improve the performance and motivation of community health workers (CHWs). However, most evidence on supervision relates to facility health workers. The Integrated Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health (MNCH) Program in Morogoro region, Tanzania, implemented a CHW pilot with a cascade supervision model where facility health workers were trained in supportive sup...

A joint pilot project between the Ministry of Health and the Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, to test the value of village aides in extending the health care system into isolated Iban communities was begun in May 1979 in the Entabai District of Sarawak. A group of 15 village aides consisting of 11 traditional Iban manangs (medicine men) and 4 youths were trained t...

In this study, we compare the level and distribution of genetic variation between South African conserved and village chicken populations using microsatellite markers. In addition, diversity in South African chickens was compared to that of a reference data set consisting of other African and purebred commercial lines. Three chicken populations Venda, Ovambo and Eastern Cape and four conserved ...