It is important to avoid the overestimation of absorption due scattering when using spectroscopy measure samples. We approached this issue by placing sample inside an integrating sphere (IS) collect scattered light in all solid angles but encountered difficulty determining coefficient from absorbance because took various paths IS and sample. Therefore, ray tracing Monte Carlo simulations (MC), ...

Why do plants reflect in the green and have a "red edge" in the red, and should extrasolar photosynthesis be the same? We provide (1) a brief review of how photosynthesis works, (2) an overview of the diversity of photosynthetic organisms, their light harvesting systems, and environmental ranges, (3) a synthesis of photosynthetic surface spectral signatures, and (4) evolutionary rationales for ...

Abstract. The reflectance spectra of the soil samples are influenced by soil particle size. Elimination of this effect requires a calibration model to remove the effect of soil particle size. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of soil particle size on reflectance spectra of sandy soil samples and to produce a particle size calibration model for the spectra of a sandy soil sa...

Satoshi Takahama,1,2 Anita Johnson,1,3 and Lynn M. Russell1 1Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA 2Atmospheric Particle Research Laboratory, APRL/IEE/ENAC, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland 3Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsyl...

FTIR spectroscopy was recently demonstrated to be a useful tool to obtain a unique fingerprint of the effects of several anticancer drugs on cells in culture. While FTIR spectroscopy appears to have a definite potential to sort anticancer drugs on the basis of the metabolic modifications they induced, the present challenge is to evaluate the drug-induced spectral changes in cancer cells on a la...

Zebrafish are tetrachromats with red (R, 570 nm), green (G, 480 nm), blue (B, 415 nm), and UV (U, 362 nm) cones. Although neurons in other cyprinid retinas are rich in color processing neural circuitry, spectral responses of individual neurons in zebrafish retina, a genetic model for vertebrate color vision, are yet to be studied. Using dye-filled sharp microelectrodes, horizontal cell voltage ...

Leaves act as a primary organ for the interception of solar radiation and their spatial arrangement determines how the plant canopy interacts with light. Many studies have been carried out on the penetration of radiation into crops however to date, few results are available on turfgrasses, mainly due to the difficulties of introducing sensors into the turf without disturbing the natural positio...

Rod absorbance spectra, characterized by the wavelength of peak absorbance (lambda(max)) were related to the rod opsin sequences of individual sand gobies (Pomatoschistus minutus) from four allopatric populations [Adriatic Sea (A), English Channel (E), Swedish West Coast (S) and Baltic Sea (B)]. Rod lambda(max) differed between populations in a manner correlated with differences in the spectral...

Microspectrophotometric measurements were performed on 217 photoreceptors from cynomolgus, Macaca fascicularis, and rhesus, M. mulatta, monkeys. The distributions of cell types, for rods and blue, green, and red cones were: 52, 12, 47, and 44, respectively, for the cynomolgus, and 22, 4, 13, and 13 for the rhesus. Visual cells were obtained fresh (unfixed), mounted in various media (some contai...

Background: Dosimetry is a fundamental part of the radiation processing industry. Aqueous inorganic dosimeters have been used for gamma radiation dosimetry such as standard ferrous sulfate dosimeter. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gamma radiation on the diethyl fumarate DEF in dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO solution and its possible use in chemical dosimetry. Materials and ...