d e Interacting with a computer requires adopting some metaphor to guide our actions an xpectations. Most human-computer interfaces can be classified according to two r t dominant metaphors: agent or environment. Interactions based on an agent metapho reat the computer as an intermediary which responds to user requests. In the environd ment metaphor a model of the task domain is presented for t...

For most existing bridges, supporting continuous traffic loads is the basic function. However, in addition to this load, bridges are exposed to environmental (Frangopol and Soliman, 2015 [1]), as well as various other complex loads, that are mostly random in nature, such as earthquake, flow-included loadings, wind and so on. All these loading conditions need to be considered and must satisfy th...

With the advent of molecular data, and particularly the use of molecular clocks when warranted, biogeographers have begun to reexamine the roles of Gondwana breakup, immigration from the Laurasian tropics, and transoceanic dispersal in shaping similarities among the world’s tropical floras (Givnish et al. 1999, 2000; Lavin et al. 2000, 2005; Renner et al. 2000, 2001; Azuma et al. 2001; Chanderb...

T he recent BASEM meeting in Edinburgh highlighted the growing gulf in the future direction of sports medicine that exists in the UK. Whilst the orthopaedic and musculoskeletal aspects of sports injuries have been the traditional focus of sports medicine, there arises the key question as to whether this will be appropriate into the future. Having received the governmental seal of approval that ...

demonstration of the geomorphological factors in setting the legal regime of the caspian seaintroduction:the caspian sea is the largest water basin which enclosed by land within eurasia continent. the caspian sea is unique in many reasons: the large deposits of oil and gas, valuable fishery resources; including 90% of the world’s stock of sturgeon, important transportation routes; connecting th...

To identify and quantify upwelling and freshwater influences in contrasting tropical ecosystems, we performed stable isotope analyses (δ13C and δ18O) on 13 serially-sampled modern Conus shells collected from coastal waters in the southwestern Caribbean (SWC, non-upwelling) and gulfs of Chiriquí (nonupwelling) and Panama (upwelling) in the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP). Most shells reveal seaso...

The goal of this paper is to construct an integrated approach to collaboration and conceptual change. To this end, a case of conceptual change is analyzed from the point of view of conversational interaction. It is proposed that the crux of collaboration is the problem of convergence: How can two (or more) people construct shared meanings for conversations, concepts, and experiences? Collaborat...

In This Short Excerpt, John Dewey expresses the pragmatist conviction—first stated by Jane Addams in Democracy and Social Ethics—that a society must cultivate dispositions of curiosity understanding between its diversely situated members order to sustain robust genuine democracy (MW 9:93). It is our habitual exposure experiences fellow citizens that we can imagine understand each other's divers...

The paper deals with the question how to understand the design process as a collaborative activity and how to facilitate design of smart objects from that perspective. We reflect on some current paradigms of design, and argue that these approaches could be improved further through considering users not only as participants in the design process, but also as designers through their practice in t...

Glaucoma is one of the main causes of blindness today. It is basically a group of eye diseases that leads to the optic nerve damage and arises mostly due to the increases in the Intraocular Pressure (IOP) within the eyes. The early detection as well as diagnosis of this disorder is very important as at the later stages it leads to complete loss of vision. In this paper we reviewed different gla...