The recording of heart signal is called Electrocardiogram (ECG). ECG is used to measure, analyze, observe the heart function and heart abnormalities like cardiac murmur, myocardial infarction etc. The ECG electrodes are sensitive in nature, even the small noise mixed with original signal changes the ECG wave pattern. The ECG signal voltage ranges from 0.5 to 6mV and artifacts can be easily mixe...

A high-speed and high-accuracy continuous-time common-mode feedback block (CMFB) is presented. To satisfy speed and accuracy requirements, some modi ̄cations have been applied on di®erential di®erence ampli ̄er (DDA) CMFB circuit. The proposed method is applied to a folded cascode op-amp with power supply of 3.3V. In order to verify the proposed circuit, simulations are done in 0.35 m standard CM...

The upgrade of the ISOLDE machine at CERN foresees a superconducting linac based on two gap independently phased Nb sputtered Quarter Wave Resonators (QWRs) working at 101.28MHz and producing an accelerating field of 6MV/m on axis. A careful study of the fields in the cavity has been carried out in order to pin down the crucial e-m parameters of the structure such as peak fields, quality factor...

The experimental progress in controlling quantum optical and atomic systems, which has been achieved over the last few years, prompted ideas for new realizations of strongly-correlated many body systems, such as ultracold gases of atoms trapped in optical lattices [1–3] or light-matter systems [4–6]. The latter consist of photons, which interact with atoms or atomic-like structures. Normally, t...

Recent technological advances now enable time-gated acquisition of photons at very fast rates. This allows one to separate scattered and unscattered photons by temporal gating, a process termed time-resolved transillumination (TRT) imaging. TRT imaging opens the door to a new type of scanning through turbid (scattering) media such as soft tissue and fog/smoke, and many potential applications in...

pet (positron emission tomography) is a powerful imaging technique that can provide quantitative information on the distribution of positron emitter labeled radiopharmaceuticals (pet radiopharmaceuticals) in the body. positrons (ß+) are positively charged beta particles. they are emitted when the atom is proton rich. a positron has only a transient existence. after losing all of its kinetic ene...

With the help of the Seiberg-Witten map, one can obtain an effective action of a deformed QED from a noncommutative QED. Starting from the deformed QED, we investigate the propagation of photons in the background of electromagnetic field, up to the leading order of the noncommutativity parameter. In our setting (both the electric and magnetic fields are parallel to the coordinate axis x and the...

The uncertainty relation for the photons in three dimensions that overcomes the difficulties caused by the nonexistence of the photon position operator is derived in quantum electrodynamics. The photon energy density plays the role of the probability density in configuration space. It is shown that the measure of the spatial extension based on the energy distribution in space leads to an inequa...

It is assumed that three lepton families (ν e , e), (ν µ , µ), (ν τ , τ) carry charges, which are sources of electronic, muonic and tauonic massless vector particles, respectively. Various manifestations of these hypothetical photons are discussed. We know only one photon that is coupled to the electric charge of particles. One of the most fundamental properties of the electric charge is its co...

Hai-Xiao Wang, ∗ Yige Chen, ∗ Zhi Hong Hang, Hae-Young Kee, 3, † and Jian-Hua Jiang † College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A7, Canada Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5...