This paper describes a model of the complementarity of rules and precedents in the classiication task. Under this model, precedents assist rule-based reasoning by operationalizing abstract rule antecedents. Conversely , rules assist case-based reasoning through case elaboration, the process of inferring case facts in order to increase the similarity between cases, and term reformulation, the pr...

Enabling learners to transfer knowledge about formal principles to new problems is a major aim of science and mathematics education, which, however, is notoriously difficult to reach. Previous research advocates different approaches of how to introduce principles to foster the transfer of knowledge about formal principles. One approach suggests teaching a generic formalism of the principles. An...

BACKGROUND The number of medical lawsuits in Japan was between 14 and 21 each year before 1998, but increased to 24 to 35 per year after 1999. There were 210 lawsuits during this 10-year period. There is a need for skills and knowledge related to ethics, which is as fundamental to the practice of medicine as basic sciences or clinical skills. In Japan education in ethics is relatively rare and ...

Formal modelling of complex systems requires catering for a variety of aspects. The Unifying Theories of Programming (UTP) distinguishes itself as a semantic framework that promotes unification of results across different modelling paradigms via linking functions. The naive composition of theories, however, may yield unexpected or undesirable semantic models. Here, we propose a stepwise approac...