BACKGROUND The effect of choline chloride supplementation through forced drinking combined with concentrate diets containing Ca-fish oil on milk production and milk composition of Etawah Grade goats was evaluated. Choline chloride is an essential component in ruminant diets as it is required for fat metabolism. METHOD The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with t...

The developmental sequence of chloride cells was examined in both the body skin and gills of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) larvae by whole-mount immunocytochemistry using an antiserum specific for Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. In premetamorphic larvae at 0 and 4 days after hatching (days 0 and 4), immunoreactive chloride cells were distributed only in the yolk-sac membrane and body skin. Prem...

A new method has been designed to prepare the known benzoxazinone derivative 2-(N-phthaloylmethyl)-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one (4). The acyl chloride derivative N-phthaloylglycine reacts with anthranilic acid in chloroform, in the presence of triethylamine, to give an intermediate that is then reacted with cyanuric chloride, used as a cyclization agent, to produce the benzoxazinone derivative.

Background: Aluminum, as an environmental pollutant, can exert oxidative stress on spermatogenesis and sperm morphology. Silymarin, an effective substance extracted from Silybum marianum, is a potent antioxidant which inhibits oxidative stress. Due to the damaging effects of aluminum on the male reproductive system as well as sperm and the role of silymarin, this study was performed to investig...

A metallosupramolecular [Pd2L4](4+) cage can be cleanly converted into a [Pd2L2Cl4] metallo-macrocycle upon addition of chloride ions. The process is reversible, treatment of the [Pd2L2Cl4] macrocycle with silver(I) ions regenerates the [Pd2L4](4+) cage. Additionally, it is shown that guest molecules could be released on chloride triggered cage dis-assembly and taken up anew on re-assembly.

The reaction of readily available 1 -methyl-4-nitropyrrole-2- carboxylic acid (1) with thionyl chloride afforded the corresponding acyl chloride 2. The reaction of compound 2 with thiosemicarbazides yielded 1-(1 -methyl-4-nitrop yrrole-2-carbony1)- thiosemicarbazides (3) which cyclized in basic medium to 5-(1-methyl-4-nitropyrrole- 2-y1)-2,4-dihydro-3H- l,2,4-triazole-3- thione 4. Alkylatio...

An atom-economic synthetic route to benzimidazolium salts is presented. The annulated polycyclic systems: 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium chloride (1-Cl), 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium chloride (2-Cl), 1,3-diphenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium chloride (3-Cl), and 1,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium chloride (4-Cl) were prepared in a t...

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(11)H(26)N(3) (+)·Cl(-)·C(4)H(4)N(4), the (2Z)-2,3-diamino-but-2-ene-dinitrile (Z-DAMN) mol-ecules are connected with the chloride ions via N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming ribbons running along the a axis. The guanidinium ions are located in between the ribbons formed by Z-DAMN mol-ecules and chloride ions.