Abstract Introduction Flibanserin was the first FDA approved drug for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women, but initially studied as an antidepressant without concern age or gender. acts partial agonist at serotonin receptor 1A and antagonist 2A receptor. The mechanism of action is thought to be due increase dopamine norepinephrine. Post hoc analysis during pivotal tr...

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is observed in 3–9% of school-aged children and 4% of adults worldwide at higher rates in males than females (2.5:1) and in children older than 9years relative to younger children. Although family, twin, and adoption studies indicate high heritability (0.76), the mode of transmission is unknownbut suspected tobe polygenic. Molecular genetic studie...

Like nose-picking and a preoccupation with feculence, the inability to sit still is a defining characteristic of childhood. But kids with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) squirm constantly, even when others can remain quiet. Parents and teachers often respond by trying to get them to stop fidgeting at any cost, assuming that if they just settle down, they’ll be able to focus and ...

Amphetamine-like psychostimulant drugs have been used for decades to treat a variety of clinical conditions. Methylphenidate (MPH)-Ritalin(R) , a compound that blocks reuptake of synaptically released norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in the brain, has been used for more than 30 years in low dose, long-term regimens to treat attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in juveniles, adoles...

OBJECTIVES To examine selected medical services for children treated for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a general population setting with universal health insurance. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of administrative prescription and health services databases spanning from 1990 to 1996. SETTING British Columbia, Canada. PATIENTS Children (<19 years of age) who had receive...

The prescribed use of methylphenidate (Ritalin) in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has risen dramatically in recent years. The relative roles of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the therapeutic action of these drugs was assessed by comparing the responses of extracellular nucleus accumbens dopamine and serotonin and hippocampus norepinephrine to the acute adm...

BACKGROUND The stimulant methylphenidate (MPH) has been a mainstay of treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for many years. Owing to the short half-life and the issues associated with multiple daily dosing of immediate-release MPH formulations, a new generation of long-acting MPH formulations has emerged. Direct head-to-head studies of these long-acting MPH formulations ...

Several amphetamine analogs are potent psychostimulants and major drugs of abuse. In animal models, the psychomotor and reinforcing effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine (METH), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy), and methylphenidate (MPD; Ritalin) are thought to be dependent on increased extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) in mesocorticolimbic and mesostriatal pathways. Howe...

Ethylphenidate is a stimulant novel psychoactive substance that is an analogue of the prescription drug methylphenidate (Ritalin ®. Methylphenidate is used commonly for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Due to its stimulant effects ethylphenidate is being abused. There is a single case report of a death associated with ethylphenidate in Germany, and a case series of 19 ...