Fertilized eggs of the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, are buried in shallow nests above the high tide line, where they are exposed to variations in abiotic conditions during early development. Using a multiple-stressors approach, we examined whether the rate of embryonic development is affected by exposure to combinations of three factors: temperature (25, 30 and 35°C), salinity (...

Ginsenoside Rg1 has been reported to improve cognitive function in many memory-impaired animal models. However, little is known about the bioactivity of its metabolites in the central nervous system in vivo. In the present study, we employed the step through test and electrophysiological approach to investigate the effects of ginsenoside Rg1's primary metabolite ginsenoside Rh1 and end metaboli...

Salinity fluctuation is one of the main factors affecting the overall fitness of marine fish. In addition, water borne ammonia may occur simultaneously with salinity stress. Additionally, under such stressful circumstances, fish may encounter food deprivation. The physiological and ion-osmo regulatory adaptive capacities to cope with all these stressors alone or in combination are extensively a...

Physical exercise has been shown to inhibit experimental pain response in the post-exercise period. Modulation of the pain system may be differentiated between muscle sites engaging in contractile activity. The purpose of this study was to assess the pain response at remote and local muscle sites following aerobic exercise at different work intensities. Participants included 10 healthy and phys...

There is conflicting research regarding an association between fetal death and paternal exposure to Agent Orange, a phenoxy herbicide widely used in Vietnam that was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Men who worked in the U.S. factories that produced Agent Orange were exposed to TCDD at levels hundreds of times higher than TCDD levels in the general population. Wives...

.............................................................................................................................. ii List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. iv Table...

Exercise is often used for pain rehabilitation but the link between physical activity level and pain sensitivity is still not fully understood. Pressure pain sensitivity to cuff algometry and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) were evaluated in highly active men (n=22), normally active men (n=26), highly active women (n=27) and normally active women (n=23) based on the Godin Leisure-Time Exercis...

Pulsed plasma thrusters (PPTs) are the simplest electric acceleration devices with solid propellant on satellites. In order to make their thrust performance higher and to feed propellant more effectively, we have been developing a new type PPT using powdered propellant. To estimate its thrust performance, we have made a test model thruster for comparing the thrust performances of PPTs with soli...

Predatory efficiency of Diplonychus rusticus (Fabricius) was recorded at different prey density with different salinity ranges. When the salinity level (ppt) was increased, the predation rate of the bug decreased. Fifth nymphal stage showed higher predation in the 2, 4 and 6 ppt levels of salinityin both 1 hr and 24 hr period of exposure at prey densities 50, 100, 150 and 200. At prey density 1...

Definition 1 (Zero-knowledge) An interactive proof (P,V) for a language L with witness relation R is said to be zero-knowledge if for every non-uniform PPT adversary V∗, there exists a PPT simulator S such that for every non-uniform PPT distinguisher D, there exists a negligible function ν(·) such that for every x ∈ L,w ∈ R(x), z ∈ {0, 1}∗, D distinguishes between the following distributions wi...