The concept of Competencies 4.0 stems from a broader term the 4th Industrial Revolution, also named Industry 4.0, which dates back to 2011, when German Federal Government announced its high-tech strategy and policy towards increasing competitiveness economy during Hannover Fair. These terms concepts have been thoroughly extensively discussed, analysed, researched by experts within various scien...

This article asks how the 25 January 2011 revolution in Egypt led to entrenchment of existing forms privilege and marginality. To answer this question, critical scholars have taken for granted revolution's linear temporality focused largely on institutional processes at state level following fall President Hosni Mubarak. In contrast, I provide an original take question through extensive ethnogr...

this article is an inquiry into the causes of the failure of the iranian constitutional revolution of 1906 in achieving its aims and objectives, as the triumphant revolution faced many difficulties shortly after victory. in the period, iran was integrated into the international system, therefore, without noting international issues, understanding its internal developments cannot be possible. th...

The purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of long-run movements in the parallel market premium in the pre-and-post revolution Iranian economy. The paper suggests that the premium is affected by both real and monetary shocks. Non-spurious co-integration results indicate that negative oil revenue shocks and a revolution-induced exogenous capital outflow caused the parallel market paralle...

The Industrial Revolution decisively changed economy wide productivity growth rates. For successful economies, measured efficiency growth rates increased from close to zero to close to 1% per year in the blink of an eye, in terms of the long history of humanity, seemingly within 50 years of 1800 in England. Yet the Industrial Revolution has defied simple economic explanations or modeling. This ...

In pre-industrial economies labour supply curves often bend backwards at very low levels of income. This changed prior to the industrial revolution: total working hours increased (De Vries (1993, Voth (1998,2000). This paper examines this industrious revolution using a model of labour supply where consumption takes time. This analytical framework enables us to draw a distinction between a pessi...

Let us approach our topic by a methodical stab at its component parts, moral tradition and moral revolution, each of which also has their constituents: moral, tradition and revolution. Since tradition appears to be central, I start with an analysis of the term. Then I argue simply that a moral tradition is not self-justifying and certainly not just on account of its longevity. My major issue ho...