Conventional approaches to modelling ecological dynamics often do not include evolutionary changes in the genetic makeup of component species and, conversely, conventional approaches to modelling evolutionary changes in the genetic makeup of a population often do not include ecological dynamics. But recently there has been considerable interest in understanding the interaction of evolutionary a...

We prove a realization theorem for rational functions of several complex variables which extends the main Bessmertnyĭ (in: Alpay, Gohberg, Vinnikov (eds) Interpolation Theory, Systems Theory and Related Topics. Operator Advances Applications vol 134. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, pp 157–185, 2002). In contrast to Bessmertnyĭ’s approach solving large systems linear equations, we use an operator theo...

Ecological character displacement--trait evolution stemming from selection to lessen resource competition between species--is most often inferred from a pattern in which species differ in resource-use traits in sympatry but not in allopatry, and in which sympatric populations within each species differ from conspecific allopatric populations. Yet, without information on population history, the ...

When natural resources are exploited, environmental costs and economic benefits are often asymmetric. An example is apparent in the environmental impacts from fossil fuel extraction by hydraulic fracturing. So far, most scrutiny has been focused on water quality in affected aquifers, with less attention paid to broader ecological impacts beyond individual drilling operations. Marcellus Shale me...

Portfolio theory assumes that investors accept risk. This means thatin the equal rate of return on the two assets, the assets were chosenthat have a lower risk level. Modern portfolio theory is accepted byinvestors who believe that they are not cope with the market. Sothey keep many different types of securities in order to access theoptimum efficiency rate that is close to the rate of return o...

Urban lakes performed several essential functions for the cities such as storing rainwater and providing recreation spaces. Blooms of cyanobacteria frequently occur in these lakes, disrupting water uses and decreasing ecosystem biodiversity. In order to study the impacts of watershed changes on cyanobacteria dynamics in urban lakes, a modelling approach in which an ecological lake model is conn...

The evolution of sexual display traits or preferences for them in response to divergent natural selection will alter sexual selection within populations, yet the role of sexual selection in ecological speciation has received little empirical attention. We evolved 12 populations of Drosophila serrata in a two-way factorial design to investigate the roles of natural and sexual selection in the ev...

he water framework directive of the european union has become a milestone in the water policy for this area. this directive aims to achieve a “good ecological status” of bodies of water in the member states of the european union by 2015. the water framework directive calls for the application of economic principles, economic approaches, tools and instruments. the functions of this economic anal...

When using machine learning techniques for learning a function approximation from given data it can be difficult to select the right modelling technique. Without preliminary knowledge about the function it might be beneficial if the algorithm could learn all models by itself and select the model that suits best to the problem, an approach known as automated model selection. We propose a general...