The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) approximates background error covariance by using a finite number of ensemble members. Although increasing the ensemble size consistently improves the EnKF analysis, typical applications of the EnKF to realistic atmospheric simulations are conducted with a small ensemble size due to limited computational resources. The finite ensemble size introduces a sampling...

5 A high resolution cloud resolving model (CRM) simulation is developed here for a two6 dimensional Walker circulation over a planetary scale domain of 40000 km for an extended 7 period of several hundred days. The Walker cell emerges as the time averaged statistical 8 steady state with a prescribed sinusoidal sea surface temperature (SST) pattern with mean 9 temperature of 301.15 K and horizon...

This paper investigates the impacts of horizontal resolution on the statistical behavior of convection. An idealized radiative–convective equilibrium is simulated for model resolutions ranging between 2 and 50 km. The simulations are compared based upon the analysis of the mean state, the energy and water vapor transport, and the probability distribution functions for various quantities. It is ...

today’s world economy situation forces enterprise organizations toward more soft and flexible organization, management, and production processes. they need to explore the most suitable knowledge management (km) tool not only to identify gaps and overlaps but also to maintain and support innovation cross organizations. in this study, a multiple-experts-multiple-criteria decision making model is ...

the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of competencies and environmental factors on the success of rural entrepreneurs in kermanshah township. the statistical population consisted of 110 rural entrepreneurs that with using kerjci and morgan table, a sample size of 86 people were selected by random sampling technique. to collect the data, questionnaire was used. the analysis of find...

Deterministic Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models integrate the conservation equations of atmospheric mass, heat, motion, and water. With respect to gridpoint NWP models, the difference terms in the equations are approximated as taylor expansions and are integrated forward in time (Pielke 2002). Processes resolved on the grid-scale are referred to as model dynamics. Sub-grid scale process...

Model Output Statistics (MOS) refers to a method of post-processing the direct outputs of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models in order to reduce the biases introduced by a coarse horizontal resolution. This technique is especially useful in orographically complex regions, where large differences can be found between the NWP elevation model and the true orography. This study carries out a ...