Soil thermal conductivity (λ) is an important property that crucial for surface energy balance and water studies. 1602 measured soil values representing 189 soils were used to evaluate five empirical models (i.e., de Vries (1963) model (de 1963), Campbell (1985) (Campbell1985), Johansen (1975) (Johansen 1975), Côté Konrad (2005) (Côté 2005), Lu et al. (2007) (Lu 2007)) seven machine learning (M...