Copyright C 2016 by Korean Society of Spine Surgery This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Asian Spine Journal • pISSN 1976-1902 e...

In canine ventricular myocardium, endothelin-1 (ET-1) alone induced only a weak transient negative inotropic effect (NIE). However, ET-1 induced a marked sustained positive inotropic effect (PIE) subsequent to a transient NIE in the presence of norepinephrine (NE) at low concentrations (0.1 - 1 nM) and elicited a pronounced sustained NIE in the presence of NE at high concentrations (around 100 ...

We investigate whether two players in a long-run relationship can maintain cooperation when the details of the underlying game are unknown. Specifically, we consider a new class of repeated games with private monitoring, where an unobservable state of the world influences the payoff functions and/or the monitoring structure. Each player privately learns the state over time, but cannot observe w...

The optimum s-gradient method for minimizing a positive definite quadratic function f(x) on En has long been known to converge for s > 1 . For these s the author studies the directions from which the iterates Xk approach their limit, and extends to s > 1 a theory proved by Akaike for s=l. It is shown that f(xk) can never converge to its minimum value faster than linearly, except in degenerate c...