Malignant neoplasms cells are characterized by clonal evolution that is resistant to the applied antitumor drug and evasion from effects of immune system. Therefore, a promising direction in modern oncology stimulation response against neoplasms. This method can be used combination with other anticancer drugs alone. Tumor produce CTLA4 (CTLA4 — cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4) PD-1 (programmed...

The CD28 costimulatory pathway is critical to T cell activation. Blockade of the interaction of CD28 with its ligands CD80 and CD86 using CTLA4-Ig has been proposed as a therapy for a number of immune-based disorders. We have used a murine model of influenza virus infection to study the role of CD28-dependent costimulation in the development of antiviral immune responses. In vivo treatment with...

CONTEXT In recent years, progress has been made in cancer immunotherapy by the development of drugs acting as modulators of immune checkpoint proteins, such as the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1), two co-inhibitory receptors that are expressed on T cells upon activation. These molecules play crucial roles in maintaining immune homeostasis by down-regulatin...

Ex vivo alloanergization of human immune cells, via allostimulation in the presence of costimulatory blockade with either a combination of anti-B7.1 and anti-B7.2 antibodies or first-generation cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig), induces alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness and expands alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells (Treg). We have successfully used this app...

BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a representative systemic autoimmune disease characterized by activated T cells and polyclonally activated B cells that produce autoantibodies. Activation of autoreactive T and B cells plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of this disease. A role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in the pathogenesis has been suggested. Proline-rich tyrosine kinas...

BACKGROUND The surveillance of kidney transplant patients depends on function of different immunologic markers like co-stimulatory molecules. These molecules may also be associated with post kidney transplant viral related outcomes. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the possible associations between co-stimulatory molecule gene polymorphisms and viral infections in kidney tr...

Ipilumimab, which is a monoclonal antibody to the inhibitory T-cell receptor CTLA-4, has been shown to improve survival in patients with metastatic melanoma; however, the response rate was only 10%, necessitating the need to develop ways to improve treatment. Anecdotal evidence suggests that stereotactic body radiation (SBRT) might cooperate with anti-CTLA4 to improve response rates both for ir...

Resistance to infections with Heligmosomoides bakeri is associated with a significant quantitative trait locus (QTL-Hbnr1) on mouse chromosome 1 (MMU1). We exploited recombinant mice, with a segment of MMU1 from susceptible C57Bl/10 mice introgressed onto MMU1 in intermediate responder NOD mice (strains 1094 and 6109). BALB/c (intermediate responder) and C57Bl/6 mice (poor responder) were inclu...

BACKGROUND The effects on cell signalling networks upon blockade of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4) using the monoclonal antibody tremelimumab were studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from patients with metastatic melanoma. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL Findings Intracellular flow cytometry was used to detect phosphorylated (p) signaling molecules downstrea...