The random number generator (RNG) is a critical, if not in fact the most important, component in every cryptographic device. Introducing the symmetric radio channel, represented by estimations of location-specific, reciprocal, and timevariant channel characteristics, as a common RNG is not a trivial task. In recent years, several practice-oriented protocols have been proposed, challenging the u...

Smart contracts refer to small programs that run in a decentralized blockchain infrastructure. The system is trustless, and the determination of common variables done by consensus between peers. Developing applications require generating random becomes significantly challenging—for instance, lotteries, games, assignments. Many number generators (RNGs) for smart have been developed environment. ...

In this study, the thermal characteristics of turbulent nanofluid flow in a helical tube in the tube heat exchanger (HTTHE) were assessed numerically through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The findings of both the turbulent models: realizable k-epsion (k-ε) and re-normalisation group (RNG) k-epsilon were compared. The temperature distribution contours show that realizable and RN...

This study assesses the sensitivity of numerical results of air flow modelling within an urban environment to the six different turbulence models applied in a specific case of a studied staggered cross-road. The principal parameters investigated in this comparison are position of centres of vortices within a street canyon, two components of the spatial velocity vector, turbulent kinetic energy,...

This paper aims to make a graph representing an essential skeleton of a character from an image that includes a machine printed or a handwritten character using the growing neural gas (GNG) method and the relative neighborhood graph (RNG) algorithm. The visual system in our brain can recognize printed characters and handwritten characters easily, robustly, and precisely. How can our brains robu...

In the rat proximal tubule, the alpha(2B)-adrenergic receptor (alpha(2B)-AR) enhances Na(+) reabsorption by increasing the activity of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform NHE3. The mechanisms involved are unclear, and inhibition of cAMP production remains controversial. In this study, we reinvestigated alpha(2B)-AR signaling pathways using rat proximal tubule cells (PTC) in primary culture and LLC-PK(...