The dynamics of economic inequality and its relationship with growth in the preindustrial world is increasingly attracting attention both economists historians. In this paper, we tackle theme by introducing new estimates labor share five major European countries (England, France, Holland, Spain, Portugal) for period 1250–1850. Our are constructed using an innovative method based on conversion r...

بعد ان بسط العرب نفوذهم السیاسی علی ایران بدافع نشر الاسلام ، اخذت اللغة العربیة تنتشر بین مختلف شرائح المجتمع الایرانی لاسیما من انشغف بتعالیم القران والاسلام ، تلک التعالیم التی تنادی بالوحدة والمساواة والعدالة ، بنحو انه قلما عُثر علی اثر علمی او تاریخی او دینی او اخلاقی طیلة القرون الخمسة الاولی  لصدر الاسلام لم یُؤلف باللغة العربیة او لم تُؤثر اللغة والادب العربی فیه ، ومن بین الاصقاع التی کا...

The term ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) is classically used to define a period of repeated and extensive glacier advances during the last millennium. In meanwhile, this also address relatively low temperatures between Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), or Warm Period, present-day warming. end LIA generally set mid late 1800s CE, however, published onset dates are more variable from 1200s 1500s. At Mont Mi...

Partial wave analyses (PWA) of the 3π systems in the reactions πp → π+π−π−p (the “charged” mode) and πp → π−π0π0 p (the “neutral” mode) with an 18.3 GeV/c pion beam were performed using high statistics data from the E852 experiment. Conventional signals, such as the a1(1260), the a2(1320), and the π2(1670), were found to be remarkably stable to the choice of waves included in the fit. In contra...

Gregor Kozlowski,* Markus Stoffel, Sébastien Bétrisey, Léonard Cardinaux and Matteo Mota 1 Natural History Museum Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 6, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland 2 Department of Biology and Botanic Garden, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland 3 Dendrolab.ch, Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1+ 3, CH-3012, Bern...