immunologic response to infection. An appropriately brief section discusses the host response to infection, which defines the diseases seen clinically. Another section discusses the prevention and control of infection and disease. A thought-provoking section in each chapter elucidates unresolved epidemiologic and medical problems. Each chapter is extensively referenced-an average of approximate...

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a highly aggressive T-cell malignancy that was first proposed as a new disease entity in 1977 (Uchiyama et al., 1977) and that was closely followed by the discovery of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) as the causative agent (Yoshida et al., 1982). ATL has a broad clinical spectrum (Takatsuki et al., 1985) and is classified into four clinical subtype...

The present paper explore out the better-characterized and most intensively studied oncogenic viruses of humans and animals. Many DNA and RNA viruses have been proved to be oncogenic (or carcinogenic) in a variety of animals, ranging from amphibia to primates, and évidence grows stronger that certain forms of human cancer are of viral origin. Several DNA viruses have been associated with the ca...

HTLV-1 infection has a worldwide distribution but the majority of patients infected by the virus are in Africa, Central and South American and in the Southern of Japan [1]. The HTLV-1 associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) are the main diseases related to the virus but they occur in less than 5% of infected subjects [2]. However, nowadays...

Although inflammation has long been known as a localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes loss of function, there has been a new realization about its role in a wide variety of diseases, including cancer. While acute inflammation is a part of the defense response, chronic inflammation can lead to cancer, d...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Blood-borne infections, such as the HIV virus and hepatitis B and C, are major problems in patients receiving blood products. Here we examined the prevalence of HTLV-1, HCV, HBV, and HIV in hemophilic patients. METHODS A cross-sectional study on 108 hemophilic patients (101 males and 7 females) involved detection of HBV, HCV, HIV and HTLV-1 infections using immunoassa...

The present work evaluated the epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus 1/human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HIV-1/HTLV) coinfection in patients living in Belém (state of Pará) and Macapá (state of Amapá), two cities located in the Amazon region of Brazil. A total of 169 blood samples were collected. The sera were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the presence of antibo...