This paper presents a unified approach to Chinese statistical language modeling (SLM). Applying SLM techniques like trigrams to Chinese is challenging because (1) there is no standard definition of words in Chinese, (2) word boundaries are not marked by spaces, and (3) there is a dearth of training data. Our unified approach automatically and consistently gathers a highquality training data set...

Single longitudinal mode (SLM) erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser operation using a commercialized ultra-narrow bandwidth optical filter has been studied. A two-meter long EDF with an absorption coefficient of 24 dBm at the pump wavelength is used as gain medium. The ultra-narrow tunable filter is used for selection of a single longitudinal mode from the available spectrum of multiple modes, which ...

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient method of data transmission. It is a base for high speed communication systems. The main drawback of OFDM system is that it suffers from high Peak – to – Average Power Ratio (PAPR). Due to high PAPR there is inefficient use of high power amplifier and this could limit transmission efficiency. OFDM consist of large number of indep...

Detailed procedures for the modeling of synthesis load models (SLM) of actual power network are presented, then the classification indices based on 1oad characteristics and the principle of load classification are expounded. Based on the results of general investigation of 220 kV and 330 kV substations in China’s power grid, the load characteristics are classified, and detailed load characteris...

We present a performance analysis of two architectures for Internet host mobility management, namely, Mobile IP and Session Layer Mobility Management (SLM). The Mobile IP architecture is designed with the principle that the fixed Internet hosts should remain unmodified while only the underlying IP routing infrastructure should change. By contrast, SLM requires no changes to the existing IP infr...

We present experimental evidence that providing naive users of a spoken dialogue system with immediate help messages related to their out-of-coverage utterances improves their success in using the system. A grammar-based recognizer and a Statistical Language Model (SLM) recognizer are run simultaneously. If the grammar-based recognizer suceeds, the less accurate SLM recognizer hypothesis is not...

The high peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) of the transmit signal is considered to be one major drawback of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. This paper analyzes the tone reservation (TR) technique for PAR reduction. It is shown that the good performance of TR is paid with an increase in average transmit power. Therefore, an extension of the TR scheme is considered, whi...

A facile supported liquid membrane (SLM) system for the selective and efficient transport of silver ion is introduced. The SLM used is a thin porous polyvinyldifluoride membrane impregnated with hexathia-18-crown-6 (HT18C6) dissolved in nitrophenyloctyl ether. HT18C6 acts as a specific carrier for the uphill transport of Ag+ ion as its picrate ion paired complex through the SLM. In the presence...

We study the impact of richer syntactic dependencies on the performance of the structured language model (SLM) along three dimensions: parsing accuracy (LP/LR), perplexity (PPL) and worderror-rate (WER, N-best re-scoring). We show that our models achieve an improvement in LP/LR, PPL and/or WER over the reported baseline results using the SLM on the UPenn Treebank and Wall Street Journal (WSJ) c...

In order to perform an experiment into optical phase-only correlation it was necessary to fabricate an SLM to the highest standards possible. Chapter five has provided a background to the electronic operation of the 16×16 SLM and the liquid crystal light modulation mechanism used in this project. Actual fabrication of a working spatial light modulator is an extremely delicate process requiring ...