Airway inflammation from respiratory infections or exposure to allergens, irritants, or both leads to increased airflow obstruction and respiratory symptoms in patients with acute asthma. Antiinflammatory therapy with systemic corticosteroids (CSs) is therefore a cornerstone of the management of patients with acute asthma, particularly those presenting to the emergency department (ED) (1, 2). A...

OBJECTIVES Many asthmatics take therapy intermittently because of their scarce compliance. It is not known if this is effective in controlling and slowing down the lung function decline in asthma. Our aim was to compare the effect of a regular treatment and an intermittent one on some clinical aspects and on the forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1) decline in 165 persistent asthmatics with FEV1 > ...

OBJECTIVE Cranial nerve palsy (CNP) and neck haematoma are complications of carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The effects of patient factors and surgical technique were analysed on the risk, and impact on disability, of CNP or haematoma in the surgical arm of the International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS), a randomized controlled clinical trial of stenting versus CEA in patients with symptomatic c...

Dopaminergic neurons contribute to intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and other reward-seeking behaviors, but it is not yet known where dopaminergic neurons intervene in the neural circuitry underlying reward pursuit or which psychological processes are involved. In rats working for electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle, we assessed the effect of GBR-12909 (1-[2-[bis(4-fluorop...

κ opioid receptor agonists that do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier are peripherally restricted and distribute poorly to the central nervous system after systemic administration. Peripherally restricted κ agonists have promise as candidate analgesics, because they may produce antinociception mediated by peripheral κ receptors more potently than they produce undesirable sedative and psy...

Avoidance of the negative affective (emotional) symptoms of nicotine withdrawal (e.g., anhedonia, anxiety) contributes to tobacco addiction. Establishing the minimal nicotine exposure conditions required to demonstrate negative affective withdrawal signs in animals, as well as understanding moderators of these conditions, could inform tobacco addiction-related research, treatment, and policy. T...

This review article describes the ultrasonographic findings of the liver, spleen, urinary tract and greater omentum that were previously obtained in studies of healthy female Saanen goats. Real-time B-mode ultrasonography and a linear or convex 5.0 to 7.5 MHz transducer are used to scan standing goats from both sides. The urinary bladder and urethra are also examined transrectally. The liver is...

in this paper, we have examined abrupt changes in volatility of tepix index in tehran stock exchange during august 23, 2010 to june 12, 2014. applying the iterated cumulative sum of squares (icss) algorithm proposed by inclan and tiao (1994) and the modified version of this algorithm consisting kappa 1 and kappa 2 test statistics developed by sansó et al. (2004), we have specified that the dete...