We show that pregnant women whose first clinic visit coincides with the nurse’s attendance are 58 percentage points more likely to test for HIV and 46 percent more likely to deliver in a hospital. Furthermore, women with high pretest expectations of being HIV positive, whose visit coincides with nurse attendance, are 25 and 7.4 percentage points more likely to deliver in a hospital and receive ...

A central issue in designing incentive contracts is the decision to reward agents’ input use versus outputs. The trade-off between risk and return innovation production can also lead agents with varying skill levels perform differentially under different contracts. We study this experimentally, observing verifying inputs outputs Indian maternity care. find that both contract types achieve compa...

We measure the effects of firm policies on racial pay differences in Brazil. Non-Whites are less likely to be hired by high-wage firms, explaining about 20 percent wage gap for both genders. Firm-specific premiums non-Whites also compressed relative Whites, contributing another 5 that gap. A counterfactual analysis reveals two-thirds underrepresentation at higher-wage firms is explained race-ne...

Using data from China’s 1990 and 2000 censuses, this paper examines interprovincial migration by describing its spatial patterns and estimating models based on the gravity approach. Between the censuses, interprovincial migration increased considerably in size and became more unidirectional and concentrated. Modeling results highlight the role of regional economic disparity and migration stock,...

Transition economies have an initial condition of high human capital relative to GDP per capita. But they will not necessarily realize their latent high growth potential. In the model, at a good equilibrium a large number of children of well-educated parents take advantage of their family backgrounds and invest substantially in their own human capital. At a bad equilibrium, past educational ach...

© A m Abstract: Very little is understood about how immigrants affect the happiness, or subjective well-being of natives. We use the European Social Survey to analyze the effects of aggregate immigration flows on the subjective well-being of native-born populations in a panel of 26 countries between 2002 and 2010. We find that recent immigrant flows have a nonlinear, yet overall positive impact...

European Union enlargement and the commitment to the free movement of labour within the Union raises the possibility of a substantial East-West wave of migration. This paper addresses three separate issues: first, the economic impact on host and donor countries of migration from a less developed Eastern region to more developed Western region. Here there are, in turn, two aspects: the short-run...

Using meta-analytical techniques, we focus on 11 studies that explicitly measure the effect of a net migration variable in neoclassical convergence models and derive 57 comparable effect sizes. The data suggest that an increase in the net migration rate of one percentage point increases on average the GDP per capita growth rate by 0.13 percent, thus suggesting a net migration impact that is mor...

Do transitory economic shocks affect neonatal outcomes? I show that an unexpected, monthlong blackout in Tanzania caused a sharp but temporary drop in work hours for workers in electricity-dependent jobs. Using records from a maternity ward, I document a reduction in birth weights for children exposed in utero to the blackout, and an increase in the probability of low birth weight. The reductio...