In the last step of polypeptide chain initiation in eukaryotes, the interaction of the 40S preinitiation complex eIF-2.GTP.Met-tRNAi.40S [the complex between the 40S ribosomal subunit and the ternary complex containing equimolar amounts of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2), GTP, and eukaryotic initiator methionyl tRNA (Met-tRNAi)] with a 60S ribosomal subunit in the presence of mRNA, cap b...

Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, AsA) is an essential metabolite for plants and animals. Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) are a rich dietary source of AsA for humans. To understand AsA biosynthesis in kiwifruit, AsA levels and the relative expression of genes putatively involved in AsA biosynthesis, regeneration, and transport were correlated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in leaves and during ...

In environmental studies, different types of system boundaries are needed. Disaggregated GIS data are crucial because they can be flexibly converted into the target boundaries. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) should be highly evaluated as a valuable GIS data. We, however, show the problem that GDP per capita in urban areas is lower...

The paper examines the applicability of GDP-linked bonds for the financing of developing countries and emerging markets. GDP-linked bonds are bonds of which the coupon and/or redemption payments are tied to the GDP of the issuing country. The study encompasses a detailed empirical analysis of their pricing behaviour, the pricing sensitivities to changes in GDP, and of their behaviour in a portf...

The Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) forms a complex with the GDP-bound form of the Rho family small G proteins and inhibits their activation. The GDP-bound form complexed with Rho GDI is not activated by the GDP/GTP exchange factor for the Rho family members, suggesting the presence of another factor necessary for this activation. We have reported that the Rho subfamily members regulate th...

After extra-cellular stimulation of G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), GDP/GTP exchange appears as the key, rate limiting step of the intracellular activation cycle of heterotrimeric G-proteins. Despite the availability of a large number of X-ray structures, the mechanism of GDP release out of heterotrimeric G-proteins still remains unknown at the molecular level. Starting from the available ...

A series of methoxy and deoxy derivatives of mannopyranose-1-phosphate (Manp-1P) were chemically synthesized, and their ability to be converted into the corresponding guanosine diphosphate mannopyranose (GDP-Manp) analogues by a pyrophosphorylase (GDP-ManPP) from Salmonella enterica was studied. Evaluation of methoxy analogues demonstrated that GDP-ManPP is intolerant of bulky substituents at t...

The objective of this paper is to analyse the implications for developing countries to adopt greenhouse gases emissions reduction targets on the basis of a Carbon Intensity Index (Emissions/GDP). The basis for that prescription is that the target becomes dynamic, avoiding the slowing down of the countries’ development and the creation of “hot air” (since greater growth means greater emissions a...

Using the Reinhart-Rogoff dataset, we find a debt threshold not around 90 per cent but around 30 per cent, above which the median real gross domestic product (GDP) growth falls abruptly. Our work is the first to formally test for threshold effects in the relationship between public debt and median real GDP growth. The null hypothesis of no threshold effect is rejected at the 5 per cent signific...

The credibility and recognition of any specialty is based to a great extent on its research foundation.2 Research helps to reveal answers to the basic ques tions about a specialty, including the diagnosis and treatment of its patients; the effectiveness and effi ciencyof itseducational, research, and clinical service programs; the number of physicians it should have; and the training and experi...