abstract       background and objectives: more candida albicans strains are reported resistant to fluconazole in patients with aids, cancer and organ recipients. fluconazole resistance can be attributed to changes in pathways of sterol biosynthesis, mutation in or overexpression of erg11 and the expression of cdr1, cdr2, and mdr1. this study aimed to compare the expression of cdr1, cdr2, and md...

the objective of this study was to compare the effect of two conventional h9n2 avian influenza (ai) vaccines on replication and shedding of the h9n2 ai virus in broiler chickens. these inactivated oil emulsion vaccines contain either a uae or an iranian h9n2 ai isolate. one hundred and fifty one-day-old commercial broiler chickens were randomly divided into six groups. the birds, except for the...

foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a severely contagious viral disease that mainly affects cloven-hoofedlivestock and wildlife. this study quantifies the cytokines mrna expression of vaccinated guinea pigs withfmd type o inactivated vaccine. blood samples were collected from eight guinea pigs at 7 and 28 days after thefirst vaccination. extracted mrnas were reverse-transcribed into cdna and analyz...

abstract: a pure nucleotide pool is an essential precursor of correct dna replication and prevention of mutagenesis and abnormality in a living cell. inosine triphosphatase (itpase) is a critical enzyme to remove any deaminated rough purine nucleotides such as inosine from nucleotide pool. it has been shown that the rate of substitution mutation in genomic dna increase by abnormal function and ...

The exotic western conifer seed bug (WCSB) Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann is considered one of the most important pests of stone pine nut production in the Mediterranean region. However, aside from radiographic analysis, none of the diagnostic tools, already implemented in North America to assess the real impact of the WCSB on conifer seeds, have found application on the European stone pin...

background: the high resolution melting (hrm) method is a new scanning method for detecting unknown changes in dna and its advantages have persuaded researchers to recruit it as a screening method. objectives: here, we developed a hrm method to screen r188h snp (rs3218536) of xrcc2 and compared the results with a well known pcr-rflp technique. materials and methods: genomic dna samples from 350...