This paper analyses the effect of piracy on innovation in the presence of R&D competition with technological and market uncertainty. With a single innovating firm facing technological uncertainty, piracy unambiguously retards innovation. However, with R&D competition where firms face market and technological uncertainties, we show that piracy may enhance overall innovation. We also show that if...

صلاخلا ــ ة : مت ةقرولا هذه يف ءاشنإ يف هدعاسملل مدقتم ماظن بناوج ذيفنتو ميمصت ضرع قتو و مي ءادأ حيحصت تارفش لأا ءاطخ ةليلق لا ةناتم ، ةينبم ىلع ءوفاكتلا رايتخا . موقي امه نيتيسيئر نيتفيظوب ةساردلا هذه يف مدقتملا ماظنلا : 1 ادأ باسحل ةيزاوتملا هاآاحملا ء تارفش حيحصت لأا ءاطخ ةليلق نمزب ةفاثكلا ادج ريصق ةنراقم ةمظنأب ةاآاحملا ةدوجوملا . 2 ةليلق ءاطخلأا حيحصت تارفشو فعضلا قطانم صحف نع ة...

There has recently been a resurgence of interest in how institutions affect economic performance. A review of this literature reveals that the concept of an “institution” means different things to different scholars, both within economics and across the social sciences. We discuss what factors unify the different definitions of institutions, and develop a concept of institutions useful for the ...

This paper analyses the role played by foreign direct investment (FDI) as a mechanism through which technology flows between countries. After a short review of the existing literature it is observed that aggregate studies do not obtain evidence of the existence of technology spillovers amongst the OECD countries. These results oppose the presumption among many academics and policy-makers that F...

Induced technological change (ITC),whereby the relative price effects of reducing greenhouse gas emissions stimulate innovation that mitigates the cost of abatement, is both tantalizing to decision makers and challenging to represent in the computational economic and engineering models used to analyze climate change policy. This overview reconciles the divergent views of technology and technolo...

This paper estimates knowledge flows across regions in Europe and North America as revealed by patent citations. Only if these knowledge flows affect the productivity of researchers in generating new ideas do they generate externalities in innovation. We find that knowledge diffusion is strongly affected by immediate proximity, distance, national borders, linguistic and technological barriers. ...

Suppose imitation becomes easier in developing countries due to international technology diffusion or other reasons. If imitation also occurs in the North, Northern imitators (as well as innovators) would become less secure from low-cost Southern imitations. Does the resulting rise in Southern imitation lead to a decrease in Northern imitation (and perhaps even innovation)? If so, does the over...

Can directed technical change be used to combat climate change? We construct new firm-level panel data on auto industry innovation distinguishing between “dirty” (internal combustion engine) and “clean” (e.g. electric and hybrid) patents across 80 countries over several decades. We show that firms tend to innovate relatively more in clean technologies when they face higher tax-inclusive fuel pr...

The advent of modern science made possible the emergence of sustained economic growth. Without growth in scientific knowledge, the productivity growth experienced during the Industrial Revolution would have eventually diminished, as did growth from previous ‘productivity revolutions’ (i.e. agriculture, expansions of trade). Yet scientific knowledge, as distinct from technology or economic produ...

به دنبال شیوع ویروس کرونا در جهان، بسیاری از تعاملات رسمی آموزشی سمت برگزاری بستر محیط مجازی سوق یافت و ادامة فرایند آموزش معماری نیز همانند همة دوره‌های آموزشی، دلیل تعطیلی دانشگاه‌ها، تنها برخط ممکن گشت. این میان کارگاه‌های طراحی معماری، منزلة کانون ویژگی‌های منحصربه‌فردی دارند که را سایر رشته‌های دانشگاهی جدا کرده است. نمونة بارزی یک مشارکتی، چندحسی، تجربه‌گرای مبتنی بر مسئله همین ویژگی‌ها م...