BACKGROUND Recent works provide evidence of the importance of the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) metabolic pathway in inflammatory bowel diseases. We investigated the expression of PGD2 metabolic pathway actors in Crohn's disease (CD) and the ability of the enteric nervous system (ENS) to produce PGD2 in inflammatory conditions. METHODS Expression of key actors involved in the PGD2 metabolic pathway...

Neural crest cells (NCCs) form at the dorsal margin of the neural tube and migrate along distinct pathways throughout the vertebrate embryo to generate multiple cell types. A subpopulation of vagal NCCs invades the foregut and colonises the entire gastrointestinal tract to form the enteric nervous system (ENS). The colonisation of embryonic gut by NCCs has been studied extensively in chick embr...

Reflex behaviors of the intestine are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is an integrative network of neurons and glia in two ganglionated plexuses housed in the gut wall. Enteric neurons and enteric glia are the only cell types within the enteric ganglia. The activity of enteric neurons and glia is responsible for coordinating intestinal functions. This protocol describes ...

The GDNF (Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor)/Ret/Akt signaling pathway is essential to the development of ENS (enteric nervous system) as well as kidney. We previously showed that the HECT-type E3 ligase NEDL2 (Nedd4-like ligase 2) is required for the ENS development by activating GDNF/Ret/Akt. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here we show that in addition to ENS, NE...

This report is a survey about service curves used in envelope-based models for worstcase performance evaluation, like Network Calculus or Real-Time Calculus. In a first part, we compare different models and their notions of service curves by establishing a hierarchy and similarities between different types of service curves and in a second part, we compare the behaviours of simple and strict se...

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central mediator of disease progression in diverse neurodegenerative diseases that often present with prominent gastrointestinal abnormalities. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in these disorders is related, at least in part, to defects in the enteric nervous system (ENS). The role of mitochondrial deficits in ENS neurodegeneration and their relative contribution to g...

Recent literature suggests that access to an epilepsy nurse specialist (ENS) may help improve patients understanding and management of their condition and in doing so may decrease morbidity and mortality. This paper describes the role of the ENS at a large tertiary referral epilepsy centre, the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (NHNN) in supporting patients with refractory epilep...

Adenosine plays an important role in regulating intestinal motility and inflammatory processes. Previous studies in rodent models have demonstrated that adenosine metabolism and signalling are altered during chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. However, the involvement of the adenosinergic system in the pathophysiology of gut dysmotility associated to a primary neurodysfunction is still un...

The enteric nervous system of vertebrates is derived from neural crest cells that invade the gut wall and generate a highly organised network of enteric ganglia. Among the genes that play an important role in ENS development is c-Ret, mutations of which result in failure of formation of enteric ganglia (intestinal aganglionosis). To further understand the development of the mammalian ENS in gen...

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is derived from neural crest cells that migrate along the gastrointestinal tract to form a network of neurons and glia that are essential for regulating intestinal motility. Despite the number of genes known to play essential roles in ENS development, the molecular etiology of congenital disorders affecting this process remains largely unknown. To determine the ...