Guiding principles for the proof testing of safety instrumented systems (SIS) in the chemical industry have been developed through research into the practices of proof testing. The proof testing of SIS is an integral component of the management of functional safety. Its purpose is to confirm the continued operation of the required safety instrumented function and to contribute to the maintenanc...

First, we discuss one research direction of computational intelligence (CI) in the 21st Century. Key techniques of CI in the last Century were neural networks, fuzzy systems, and evolutionary computation (EC), and they have been used practically and widely. What comes next? My view is that human factors become important in/for CI at the beginning of this century. Imagine consumer robots which m...

The network designing and data modeling developments which are the two significant research tasks in direction to tolerate power control of Microgrid concluded using IEC 61850 data models and facilities. The current casing areas of IEC 61580 include infrastructures in substation automation systems, among substations and to DERs. So, for LV microgrid power control, previously using the IEC 61850...

-In a substation, a lot of distributed, safety related functions have to be performed. IEC 61850 is intended to replace all wires by serial communication. To achieve this goal IEC 61850 has to fulfill hard real-time criteria. Starting from the definition of these criteria the communication methods of IEC 61850 are investigated. The result shows the feasibility of these methods for interlocking ...

Two trends are currently changing substation automation systems: IEC 61850 and the need for increased cyber security. IEC 61850 has gained global acceptance by both vendors as well as customers. Cyber security on the other hand has quickly become one of the most dominant topics for control systems in general and electrical utilities in particular. The combination of the two, securing IEC 61850 ...

Human-based computation (HBC) is an emerging research area in which humans and machines collaborate to solve tasks that neither one can solve in isolation. In evolutionary computation, HBC is often realized through interactive evolutionary computation (IEC), in which a user guides evolution by iteratively selecting the parents for the next generation. IEC has shown promise in a variety of diffe...

Alterations of symbiosis between microbiota and intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) are associated with intestinal and systemic pathologies. Interactions between bacterial products (MAMPs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to be mandatory for IEC homeostasis, but how TLRs may time homeostatic functions with circadian changes is unknown. Our functional and molecular dissections of the IEC c...

In automotive, railway, avionics and healthcare industries more and more functionality is implemented by embedded software. A failure of safety-critical software may cause high costs or even endanger human beings. Also for applications which are not highly safety-critical, a software failure may necessitate expensive updates. Contemporary safety standards – including DO-178B, DO-178C, IEC-61508...

The publication of the ISO 26262 (”Road vehicles – Functional safety”) as Draft International Standard (DIS) and its expected release as international standard in 2011 has a substantial impact on the development of automotive software. By defining the current state of technique for the development of safe automotive software, the lack of or inadequate use of these techniques has severe legal co...

Der von Industrie und Infrastrukturbetreibern erwartete vielteilige Standard IEC 62443, bzw. ISA99 [IEC TC57/WG15, IEC SC45A/WG9, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC27/WG1] für Industrielles Prozess-Management und Prozesskontrolle (IACS) besteht aus 4 Gruppen, mit bis zu 4 Teilen je Gruppe. Nur der vorläufig letzte Teil IEC 62443-4-2, der von den Normungsorganisationen Anfang 2016 zur Kommentierung ausgeschrieben ...