N -(2-Pyridylmethyl)iminodiacetic acid hemi-hydrate (H2pmda /0.5H2O) was prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography (final R1 /0.042). The zwitterion H2pmda 9 is intra -stabilized by a trifurcated hydrogen bond. Intermolecular carboxyliccarboxylate hydrogen bonds and the parallel inter-ligand p,p-stacking (3.57(2) Å) between pyridyl rings from pairs of adjacent zwitterions generate 2D ...

This paper proposes a novel energy-efficient oil shale pyrolysis process triggered by a topochemical reaction that can be applied in horizontal oil shale formations. The process starts by feeding preheated air to oil shale to initiate a topochemical reaction and the onset of self-pyrolysis. As the temperature in the virgin oil shale increases (to 250-300°C), the hot air can be replaced by ambie...

The pyrolysis of the crude glycerol from a biodiesel production plant was investigated by thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The main gaseous products are discussed, and the thermogravimetric kinetics derived. There were four distinct phases in the pyrolysis process of the crude glycerol. The presence of water and methanol in the crude glycerol and responsibl...

The yields of char, tar, and non-condensible gases from the pyrolysis of Pinus radiata D. Don bark were measured. Pyrolysis of bark, on a small preparative scale using an airacetylene flame, gave 48% char with ash content 3.5% (mainly aluminium, calcium, potassium, and silica), and recovered tar in 7% yield (on oven-dried bark equivalent). The major components of the pyrolysis tar were catechol...

Woody vegetation growth conditions have marked effects on hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin formation. In this study, the climatic responses of these major cell wall polymers in Betula tortuosa Ledeb. were analyzed. 35 annual rings (1980–2015) trees growing alpine forest-tundra Kuznetsk Ala Tau studied using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spec...

BACKGROUND Pyrolysis of slaughterhouse waste could promote more sustainable phosphorus (P) usage through the development of alternative P fertilizers. This study investigated how pyrolysis temperature (220, 350, 550 and 750 °C), rendering before pyrolysis, and wood or corn biomass additions affect P chemistry in bone char, plant availability, and its potential as P fertilizer. RESULTS Linear ...

The pyrolysis of waste sludges was investigated using thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry (TG/MS) and a fixed-bed reactor. Two types of sludge were used, namely mixed sludge and oil sludge. In TGA/MS measurements, two degradation steps were observed. Degradation of organic structures, in sludge took place in the first step, while inorganic materials in sludge were mainly decomposed in a second s...

The fast pyrolysis oils produced from proteinaceous biomass, such as pennycress presscake differ significantly from those produced from biomass with mostly lignocellulosic composition. Those from proteinaceous biomass tend to be deoxygenated, contain more nitrogen, be less acidic and be more stable. Because their composition is different, their behavior in and products from upgrading via hydrot...

In the present study, impact of shrinkage on pyrolysis of biomass particles is studied employing a kinetic model coupled with heat transfer model using a practically significant kinetic scheme consisting of physically measurable parameters. The numerical model is used to examine the impact of shrinkage on temperature profile and pyrolysis conversion time considering cylindrical geometry. Finite...

This review on the formation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and dioxins during biomass fast pyrolysis was funded by the Washington State Department of Ecology. It includes a worldwide literature review of what is known and not known about this timely area. Areas needing further research and development work are identified and, as such, serve as a base for further work. For example, the need...