Ultrarunners participate in running events that exceed the 26.2 mile marathon distance (e.g., 50 K, 50-100 miles). Very little research exists on ultrarunners, especially women. The present study is a descriptive study detailing the motivation, goal orientation, demographic characteristics (e.g., age, job demands, family structure), training habits (e.g., hours per week of training), and coach ...

Introduction. Research shows that in most situations, women perceive themselves to be at greater risk of harm than do men. Gustafson’s gender role perspective on risk perception suggests that this is because women are socialized to feel that they need protection, especially from men. Aims. Based on Gustafson’s gender role perspective on sex differences in risk perception, we predicted that in a...

During the period of Regency England, a woman’s life was planned for her before she was born, and her place in society was defined by her marital status. Before she was married, she was her father’s daughter with a slim possibility of inheriting property. After she was married, legally she did not exist; she was subsumed into her husband with absolutely no legal, political, or financial rights....

the general purpose of the present study is to investigate the social and cultural factors related to the participation level of rural women in familial and meta-familial (social, political, economic and cultural) issues. the study is carried out using documental and fieldwork (questionnaire) methods. the theoretical framework of the study is based on pattern variables of parsons and gender str...

Recently, questions about gender gaps in science have extended to academic technology transfer. Using systematic data on US medical school faculty, we capture both behavior and performance, examining the hypothesis that women are less likely than men to commercialize their research findings. We pooled faculty invention data from ten departments in three Academic Health Centers from 1991 to 1998...

The external application of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) results in a shallow penetration depth in thick or extensive condylomata acuminata (CA) lesions, thus demonstrating a poor therapeutic effect for those patients. To compare the efficacy of needle-free injection with external application of ALA in PDT for the treatment of CA, 160 CA patients with thick or exten...

The situation of women in computer science education has been a major topic of feminist researchers. It has received widespread attention in many countries all over the world. In general, it can be said that in almost all the countries of the world women are underrepresented in computer science education at university level. This phenomenon is, however, a very complex one. In many industrialize...

Because women's preferences for male masculinity reflect tradeoffs between the benefits of greater genetic health and the costs of lower paternal investment, variables that affect the importance of these costs and benefits also affect masculinity preferences. Concern about disease and pathogens may be one such variable. Here we show that disgust sensitivity in the pathogen domain is positively ...

IUDs are exceptional methods of contraception. They do not require daily use and are, therefore, “forgettable” and yet also boast very low failure rates. Women are increasingly interested in these methods of contraception. Yet, evidence has shown that nulliparous women may experience more pain than multiparous women at the time of IUD insertion, typically a moderate pain level. This pain may pr...

The under-representation and poor retention of women in computing courses at Victoria University is a concern that has continued to defy all attempts to resolve it. Despite a range of initiatives created to encourage participation and improve retention of females in the courses, the percentage of female enrolments has declined significantly in recent years, from 32% in 1994 to 18% in 2004, whil...