Aim It has been proposed that co-invasion with ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi is a common mechanism by which non-indigenous trees overcome symbiont limitation, yet virtually all prior evidence has come from a single plant family, the Pinaceae. We tested the co-invasion hypothesis by examining the EM fungal communities associated with a specialized host, Alnus glutinosa (black alder), and a generali...

This chapter describes a technique that can geo-localize arbitrary 2D depictions of architectural sites, including drawings, paintings and historical photographs. This is achieved by aligning the input depiction with a 3D model of the corresponding site. The task is very difficult as the appearance and scene structure in the 2D depictions can be very different from the appearance and geometry o...

Short-rotation intensive cultures (SRICs) of willows can potentially sequester carbon (C) in soil. However, there is limited information regarding the factors governing soil organic C (Corg) accumulation following afforestation. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine whether willow leads to Corg accumulation in the topsoil (0–10 cm) two to six years after establishment in five SRIC...

Japanese Morita therapy is discussed to highlight its culturally and theoretically unique perspectives on human nature and client change. Key features of this theory are: (a) theory of the shinkeishitsu (nervous) trait, (b) multiple-dimensional model of causes and treatment of shinkeishitsu neurosis, (c) theory of mental attachment, (d) reframing anxiety into constructive desires, (e) emphasis ...

This paper defines the potentially available land for perennial energy crops across Great Britain as the first component of a broader appraisal undertaken by the ‘Spatial Modelling of Bioenergy in Great Britain to 2050’ project. Combining data on seven primary constraints in a GIS reduced the available area to just over 9 M ha (40% of GB). Adding other restrictions based on land cover naturalne...

We used Malaise traps to examine the aerial arthropod community in riparian habitats dominated by native willow, exotic saltcedar, or a mixture of these two tree species in central Arizona, USA. Over the course of three sampling periods per year in 2003 and 2004, native habitats had significantly greater diversity (Shannon–Wiener) and supported different arthropod communities compared to exotic...

During the last decades, large-scale land use changes took place in the Hailiutu River catchment, a semiarid area in northwest China. These changes had significant impacts on the water resources in the area. Insights into groundwater and surface water interactions and vegetationwater dependencies help to understand these impacts and formulate sustainable water resources management policies. In ...

A rust fungus was found causing stem cankers on 1to 5-year-old stems of Salix elbursensis in the north west of Iran. The rust also forms uredinia on leaves and flowers of the host willow. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the new rust is morphologically distinct from several Melampsora species occurring on the willows taxonomically close to S. elbursensis, but indistinguishab...

Engineered levee breaches on the lower Cosumnes River, Central California, create hydrologic and geomorphic conditions necessary to construct dynamic sand splay complexes on the floodplain. Sand splay complexes are composed of a network of main and secondary distributary channels that transport sediment during floods. The main channel is bounded by lateral levees that flank the breach opening. ...

Investigators often examine the factors—genetic or environmental—that determine the concentrations of secondary chemicals and growth, but few have examined both simultaneously. We used a factorial genetic design and manipulated nutrient availability to Salix sericea (Salicaceae) in order to quantify: (1) genetic variation, plasticity, and genetic variation in plasticity for growth rate and the ...