Figure 1. Multistepped optogenetics (MSO) and its application to neurons in a trigeminal ganglion (TGG). (A) Schematic outline of MSO. (B) Schematic diagram of the IR-LEGO microscopic system. An IR laser beam (1462 nm) was introduced into the IR-LEGO optical unit through an optical fiber. The irradiation duration was controlled by a shutter unit. (C) Dorsal view of the head of a 3 dpf embryo of...

Profilin controls actin nucleation and assembly processes in eukaryotic cells. Actin nucleation and elongation promoting factors (NEPFs) such as Ena/VASP, formins, and WASP-family proteins recruit profilin:actin for filament formation. Some of these are found to be microtubule associated, making actin polymerization from microtubule-associated platforms possible. Microtubules are implicated in ...

The purpose of this report is to prove the following theorem. THEOREM: The smallest (nonzero) natural frequency that one can realize from a set of positive capacitors C1, ... Cm and a set of positive inductors L . . Ln results when one 1. connects the capacitors in parallel to produce a capacitance C = C1 .. + Cm• 2. connects the inductors in a series to produce an inductance L s = L 1 ... + Ln...

We investigate theoretically and numerically the light-matter interaction in a two-level system (TLS) as model for excitation solid-state band structure. identify five clearly distinct regimes, categorized with well-known adiabaticity parameters: (1) perturbative multiphoton absorption regime small driving field strengths, four light field-driven where intraband motion connects different TLS: (...

C4 plants evolved independently more than 60 times from C3 ancestors. C4 photosynthesis is a complex trait and its evolution from the ancestral C3 photosynthetic pathway involved the modification of the leaf anatomy and the leaf physiology accompanied by changes in the expression of thousands of genes. Under high temperature, high light, and the current CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, the ...