the law of embryo donatioin declares that legitimacy of the process of in vitro fertilization is dependent upon observation of religious precepts, without specifying those precepts. as it is doctors of medicine who are in charge of that process, the lawmakers should reconsider that law and, while announcing a method which is religiously lawful, determine religious criteria of the process. as so...

fasting is one of the important religious practices of muslims, in which the individuals abstain from eating and drinking from dawn to sunset. fasting is not obligatory or even not allowed, in case it causes health problems to the fasting individual. rheumatic diseases are a major group of chronic diseases which can bring about numerous problems while fasting. the aim of this article is to revi...

We investigate Americans’ stereotypes of both Muslims and Muslim-Americans. We find that negative stereotypes relating to violence and trustworthiness are commonplace and that little distinguishes Muslims from Muslim-Americans in the public’s mind. Furthermore, these stereotypes have consequences: those with less favorable views of Muslims are more likely to support several aspects of the War o...

Muslim women of the Dawoodi Bohra community have recently been prosecuted because they customarily adhere to a religiously based gender-inclusive version Jewish Abrahamic circumcision tradition. In families it is not only boys but also girls who are circumcised. And mothers typically control and arrange for their daughters. By most accounts procedure amounts nick, abrasion, piercing or small cu...

The decline in religious identification and corresponding increase in the unaffiliated has been one of the most important religious changes in the United Kingdom (UK). The emergence of the “religious nones” is the most obvious sign of continuing secularization and the declining social and cultural relevance of religion. Yet while the religiously-unaffiliated often form the plurality — if not so...

The medieval Middle East, at the crossroads of Africa and Eurasia, included more distinct yet intersecting literary traditions in languages than any other part premodern world. While several these were religiously demarcated, others such as Arabic Persian multireligious written cultures. Despite this, religious diversity this region is often conceptualized separate communities who sometimes int...