The bicycle provides transportation for leisure, recreation, and travel between home and work, throughout the world, in big cities as well as in small villages, supporting human mobility for more than a century. In addition, this widespread vehicle probably is the least expensive means of wheeled transportation. The bicycle has a debatable origin. Some history books speculate about Leonardo da ...

A Tuk-tuk, also known as a motorized tricycle, is three-wheeled vehicle with wheels symmetrically arranged in the longitudinal driving direction. Compared to four-wheeled vehicles, tuk-tuks have less stability. Classical Tuk-tuks typically metal occupant compartment without doors, resulting direct contact between occupants and structure. In tropical countries heavy rainfall, flooded roads are c...

When introducing commercial driving simulators a few years ago, the main interest was focused either on operating the vehicle or on the reactions of the driver in traffic and in emergency situations. A comprehensive modeling of the vehicle dynamics was not required for these tasks. However, there are driving simulator applications which make much higher demands on the modeling of the vehicle dy...

This study was designed to compare estimates from two quasi-induced exposure methods of the effects of driver- and vehicle-related conditions on the risk of causing a road crash for drivers of vehicles with four or more wheels. From the Spanish register of road crashes with victims, the authors selected, for 1993-2002, all 755,329 drivers of >or=4-wheeled vehicles involved in single-vehicle cra...

Military vehicles are sometimes required to transit bridges owned and operated by civilian bridge authorities. Using available data regarding the gross vehicle weight associated axle loads of military traffic, live load factors, calibrated Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code, proposed for design evaluation. This paper recommends factors three categories vehicles: (i) wheeled-transport vehicles;...

Background: Two-wheeled vehicles are the major mode of transportation in India. Such exposed to excessive vibration on road when compared four-wheeled vehicles. However, research reduction whole body case two-wheelers is not explored detail. The present study predicts rider comfort an electric two-wheeler as per ISO 2631-1. Methods:</ns4:bold...

The paper describes the technique for presenting quantitative and systematic modeling and simulation using Bond Graph for the vehicle dynamic system. It is based on the relative contribution of the new generation of a system equation, expression, result analysis and simulation through graphical display. The portioning algorithm can be employed to the existing automated modeling techniques for e...