The behavioral consequences of uncontrollable stress, or learned helplessness (LH) behaviors, are thought to involve hyperactivity of serotonergic (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Other brain regions implicated in LH and capable of affecting 5-HT systems, such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), amygdala, and habenula, could contribute to DRN 5-HT hyperactivity d...

We evaluated the effect of voluntary exercise on spontaneous physical activity (SPA) and food consumption in mice from 4 replicate lines bred for 57 generations for high voluntary wheel running (HR) and from 4 non-selected control (C) lines. Beginning at ~24 days of age, mice were housed in standard cages or in cages with attached wheels. Wheel activity and SPA were monitored in 1-min intervals...

the optimum road spacing has been studied by many researches. it is an important step of forest road network planning. the goals of this study are determining the optimum road spacing in kheiroudkenar forest of nowshahr in northern iran and study of effect of kind of skidder on skidding cost and road spacing. continues time study method was used to determine the production rate of taf and timbe...

Laminar natural convection from an array of horizontal isothermal cylinders confined between two vertical walls, at low Rayleigh numbers, is investigated by theoretical and numerical methods. The height of the walls is kept constant, however, number of the cylinders and their spacing, the distance between the walls and Rayleigh number have been varied. The optimal spacing (confining walls) and ...

The optimum road spacing has been studied by many researches. It is an important step of forest road network planning. The goals of this study are determining the optimum road spacing in Kheiroudkenar forest of Nowshahr in Northern Iran and study of effect of kind of skidder on skidding cost and road spacing. Continues time study method was used to determine the production rate of TAF and Timbe...

Introduction It is generally believed that exercise produces its effects by activating central opioid receptors; there are little data that support this claim. The periaqueductal gray (PAG) and rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) are key nuclei in opioid-induced analgesia, and opioids interact with serotonin to produce analgesia. Objectives The purpose was to examine central inhibitory mechani...

This paper presents analytical models to investigate the steering maneuvers of planetary exploration rovers on loose soil. The models are based on wheel-soil interaction mechanics, or terramechanics, with which the traction and disturbance forces of a wheel are evaluated for various slip conditions. These traction forces are decomposed into the longitudinal and lateral directions of the wheel. ...

We formulate the kinematic equations-of-motion of wheeled mobile robots incorporating conuentionaI, omnidirectional, and ball wheels. While our approach parallels the kinematic modeling of stationary manipulators, we extend the methodology to accommodate such special characteristics of wheeled mobile robots as multiple closed-link chains, higher-pair contact points between a wheel and a surface...

Microvibration management onboard spacecraft with high stability requirements has drawn increasing interest from engineers and scientists, and this paper discusses a reaction wheel design that allows a significant reduction of midto high-frequency microvibrations and that has been practically implemented in industry. Disturbances typically induced by mechanical systems onboard a spacecraft (esp...

differential steering of in-wheel electric vehicle provides the functions of both active steering and power assisted steering with the coupling control of force and displacement transfer characteristic of system. a collaborative optimization model of the differential power-assisted steering system of in-wheel electric vehicle is built, with steering economy as the main system optimization goal,...