Background and Disclaimer The USEPA is revising the Total Coliform Rule (TCR) and is considering new possible distribution system requirements as part of these revisions. As part of this process, the USEPA is publishing a series of issue papers to present available information on topics relevant to possible TCR revisions. This paper was developed as part of that effort. The objectives of the is...

background: the goal of this study was to survey the total residual chlorine and chloroform in the water distribution system of isfahan, iran, and zoning of obtained results using gis. methods: in this cross-sectional study, total residual chlorine was tested in the sampling points of the water distribution system of isfahan and chloroform was measured with standard methods and after transferri...

a methodology is presented in this paper to find optimal location and dosage of chlorine injection in water distribution networks. the objective is to minimize the chlorine consumption while keeping the residual chlorine at each node within the standard range. unfortunately because of wrong water quality management in water distribution networks in many parts of the world, many problems such...

The Netherlands is one of the few countries where chlorine is not used at all, neither for primary disinfection nor to maintain a residual disinfectant in the distribution network. The Dutch approach that allows production and distribution of drinking water without the use of chlorine while not compromising microbial safety at the tap, can be summarized as follows: 1. Use the best source availa...

the analysis of flow in water-distribution networks with several pumps by the content model may be turned into a non-convex optimization uncertain problem with multiple solutions. newton-based methods such as gga are not able to capture a global optimum in these situations. on the other hand, evolutionary methods designed to use the population of individuals may find a global solution even for ...