Simultaneous measurements of all major electrolytes including HCO3(-) and H+ as well as water demonstrated that fluids absorbed by the anterior intestine of the marine gulf toadfish under in vivo-like conditions on an overall net basis are hypertonic at 380 mOsm and acidic ([H+] = 27 mM). This unusual composition of fluids absorbed across the intestinal epithelium is due to the unusual intestin...

Many studies have shown that subjects lose significant amounts of body mass, fat mass as well as fat-free mass, during a climb to and/or a stay at high altitude. Altitude-induced weight loss is mainly caused by malnutrition due to hypoxia-related satiety, independent of acute mountain sickness.

Water-Electrolyte Balance in Blood Pressure Homeostasis Much of what human life is about is water (60% of body mass) and a handful of solutes. Of the latter, main cations include sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and the anions include chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and organic anions, and proteins. The concentrations of sodium (135–145 mmol/L) and chloride (95–106 mmol/L) predominat...

INTRODUCTION Although the salmon is probably the best known euryhaline fish, for the first 2 or 3 years of its life it is stenohaline. The salmon becomes euryhaline only in the smolt stage, the process of 'smoltification' taking place in April or May in fish 2 or 3 years old, although a proportion of late parr can tolerate sea water. In recent years a more detailed picture has emerged of salt a...

Landfill covers are critical to waste containment, yet field performance of specific cover designs has not been well documented and seldom been compared in side-by-side testing. A study was conducted to assess the ability of landfill final covers to control percolation into underlying waste. Conventional covers employing resistive barriers as well as alternative covers relying on water-storage ...

This paper presents new calculations of Lake Victoria's water balance. Evaporation is estimated using both the Penman formula and the energy balance approach, and sensitivity studies are performed to determine the influence of input data on the estimates. Rainfall over the lake is estimated from catchment rainfall using a relationship between the two that was derived using satellite data. The r...

In the project RIVERTWIN climate, hydrologic, groundwater and water quality models are integrated in order to evaluate river basin management plans established for the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive. In such integrated models, which try to simulate all relevant processes in a river basin realistically, modelling of the water balance plays a key role. Therefore the integratio...

The main goal of this study is to use "top-down"? approach to simulate catchment scale hydrologic processes, in terms of water partitioning, runoff generation, storage dynamics and human/water interaction, and therefore to obtain a comprehensive understanding on intra-annual water balance of watersheds. An evaporation model at seasonal scale is developed based on Budyko framework. A runoff gene...

The main goal of this study is to use "top-down"? approach to simulate catchment scale hydrologic processes, in terms of water partitioning, runoff generation, storage dynamics and human/water interaction, and therefore to obtain a comprehensive understanding on intra-annual water balance of watersheds. An evaporation model at seasonal scale is developed based on Budyko framework. A runoff gene...