minimizing their wastes. The concept of such minimization, recycling, zero discharge (all aspects of the same reuse philosophy) is appealing and straightforward. The reality often is not: In some cases a highly organic wastewater, as from a paper mill or a food processing facility, has to be converted to a highpurity stream. As if this is not challenge enough, such treatment must be consistent,...

The paper reports the results of an empirical study on the profitability of rice cultivation in the rural areas of Allahabad by wastewater irrigation from natural drainage. The results show that plots using wastewater containing organic nutrients earn higher profits than those using groundwater. However, we also find the profitability of plots using wastewater negatively affected by the presenc...

Municipal wastewater treatment plants play a crucial role in reducing the microbial and pathogen load of human wastes before the end-products are discharged to surface waters (final effluent) or land spread (biosolids). This study investigated the occurrence frequency of noroviruses, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in influent, final effluent and biosolids from four secondary was...

Water pollution caused by industrial organic compounds is a serious global environmental problem. In some developing countries, the wastewater discharged from the textile industry is estimated to be more than one billion tons annually. The dyes in the discharge usually contain functional groups that could lead to high toxicity, i.e. the aromatic amine groups. Some dyes are resistant to light, h...

Evapotranspirative willow systems (EWS) are zero-discharge wastewater treatment plants that produce woody biomass and have no discharge to surface or groundwater bodies. The influence of on the growth three clones Salix alba (‘V 093’, ‘V 051’ 160’) distribution macronutrients metals in a pilot EWS receiving primary treated municipal was studied under sub-Mediterranean climate. influent wastewat...

Constructed wetlands are engineered to duplicate the processes occurring innaturalwetlands. Themain purpose of structure is remove contaminants or pollutants from wastewater. wetland a new, creative, cost-effective, and green technology compared conventional treatment systems. Water hyacinth couldbe cultivated for wastewater utilised aid purification either industrial sewer water. Consequently,...

Two crucial environmental problems in Louisiana are high rates of wetland loss and surface water pollution. Using wetlands for wastewater treatment can address both of these concerns by reducing the amount of pollutant discharge into surface water bodies while simultaneously serving to restore and replenish deteriorating marshes by enhancing productivity and accretion. Using wetlands for wastew...

Scale-up of boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode system is significant to the practical application of electrochemical oxidation in bio-refractory wastewater treatment. In this study, the performance of a smaller BDD anode (24 cm(2)) system in continuous mode electrochemical oxidation of phenol simulated wastewater was first investigated and well described by the response surface methodology (RSM). ...

On-site wastewater treatment systems (OWS) are a common means of wastewater treatment in coastal North Carolina, where the soils are sandy and groundwater is relatively close to the surface (<5 m). Wastewater contains elevated concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms that can contaminate groundwater and surface water if OWS are not operating efficiently and distributing wastewater equally to...