The peculiar spatial relationship between closely related species was among the first patterns of diversity used to infer evolution. As early as the 1850s, Alfred Wallace noted that the closest relatives were often observed in adjacent yet non-overlapping regions [33, 34]. Wagner and Jordan later relied on a similar observation to argue for the importance of geography and isolation in the forma...

“T call yourself a New Yorker you must have been to Harlem at least once. Every up-to-date person knows Harlem, and knowing Harlem generally means that one has visited a night club or two,” wrote novelist and editor Wallace Thurman, “....The music is good, the dancers are gay, and setting is conducive to joy” (1). In the 1920s, nightclubs, bars, and cabarets were much in vogue in most of the we...

Working papers of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment on research in progress. They may not have been subject to the formal editorial review accorded official Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland publications. The views stated herein are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank...

value, Darwinian evolution is no different from the other epistemological entities mentioned above, in that one can fully understand evolution without ever having read a single line of Darwin's own writings. This is because what Darwin laid out as a theory has become superseded by the empirical confirmation and theoretical expansion of the concept of evolution — in particular, its mathematical ...

The recent attack on the World Trade Center, in addition to direct injury and psychological trauma, appears to have exposed an exceedingly large population to dioxins, dibenzofurans, related endocrine disruptors, and a multitude of other physiologically active chemicals arising from the decomposition of the massive quantities of halogenated hydrocarbons and other plastics within the affected bu...

In high speed applications, multipliers and their associated circuits like accumulators, half adders, and full adders consume a significant portion. Therefore, it is necessary to increase their performance as well as size efficiency. In order to reduce the hardware complexity which ultimately reduces an area and power, energy efficient full adders plays crucial role in Wallace tree multiplier. ...

Biogeography is a vital discipline today because of its extraordinarily integrative nature, drawing from and informing biological and Earth sciences in order to explain the history and future of life on our planet. Yet, even as we continue to build more sophisticated syntheses using molecular genetics, GIS-based distribution modelling, and ever-better analytical and visualizing approaches, we s...

We evaluate the relative merits of income and consumption based measures of well-being. Our results provide evidence that consumption better captures wellbeing for those with few resources. The bottom deciles of expenditures exceed those of income, suggesting under-reporting of income. The under-reporting rate for government transfers is high and rising. Overall nonresponse is more severe in U....