In the fear-avoidance (FA) model social cognitive constructs could add to explaining the disabling process in whiplash associated disorder (WAD). The aim was to exemplify the possible input from Social Cognitive Theory on the FA model. Specifically the role of functional self-efficacy and perceived responses from a spouse/intimate partner was studied. A cross-sectional and correlational design ...

T he prognosis of acute whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) is generally favourable. As a rule, patients do not require sophisticated management. Evidence-based guidelines recommend explanation, reassurance and activation as the only interventions required (1,2). Passive interventions lack an evidence base and are not indicated. Personal psychological variables are not risk factors for chronic-i...

BACKGROUND Whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) research has largely focused on the neck, yet symptoms often include other areas. The prevalence of acute thoracic spine pain is reported ~66 %, which is perhaps unsurprising given the mechanism of injury involves a forceful loading/eccentric contraction of posterior thoracic structures such as the trapezius. Many individuals with WAD experience dis...

BACKGROUND CONTEXT In 2008, the Neck Pain Task Force (NPTF) recommended exercise for the management of neck pain and whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). However, no evidence was available on the effectiveness of exercise for Grade III neck pain or WAD. Moreover, limited evidence was available to contrast the effectiveness of various types of exercises. PURPOSE To update the findings of the N...

Background: Whiplash is associated with a wide variety of clinical manifestations, including headache, neck pain, cervical rigidity, shoulder and back paresthesia, vertigo, temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Previous studies reported that TMDs are more common in individuals chronic whiplash-associated (WAD) than the general population; however, pathophysiology mechanism this relationship still...

Chronic neck pain, a common cause of disability, seems to be the result of several interacting mechanisms. In addition to degenerative and inflammatory changes and trauma, psychological and psychosocial factors are also involved. One common type of trauma associated with chronic neck pain is whiplash injury; this sometimes results in whiplash-associated disorder (WAD), a controversial condition...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the methodological quality and synthesize recommendations of evidence-based guidelines for the management of common traffic injuries. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a systematic review and best evidence synthesis of guidelines on musculoskeletal injuries, psychological disorders and mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI) from 1995 to 2012. Independent reviewers critically appra...

Twenty-one healthy local goats of about eight months old were divided into four groups consisting of six animals in groups 1, 2 and 3 and three animals in group 4. Goats in groups 1 and 2 were inoculated intratracheally with Mycoplasma arginini. Goats in group 2 were inoculated again with Pasteurella haemolytica A2 six days later. Goats in group 3 were inoculated intratracheally with P. haemoly...