We quantify the effects of lending and balance sheet channels on corporate investment during large crises in emerging markets. The depreciated currency creates investment opportunities in the tradable sector but firms might be financially constrained due to: 1) a deterioration of their balance sheet via un-hedged foreign currency debt (balance sheet channel) and 2) a decline in the supply of cr...

Many papers in the recent literature in open economy macroeconomics make different assumptions about the currency in which firms set their export prices when nominal prices must be pre-set. But to date, all of these studies take the currency of price setting as exogenous. This paper sets up a simple two-country general equilibrium model in which exporting firms can choose the currency in which ...

One of the most significant factors influencing the liquidity of the financial market is the amount of currency in circulation. Although the central bank is responsible for the distribution of the currency it cannot assess the demand for the currency, as that demand is influenced by the non-banking sector. Therefore, the amount of currency in circulation has to be forecasted. This paper introdu...

Why do countries participate in currency unions or unilaterally adopt a foreign currency? I investigate the roles of geography, synchronization of economic shocks, cultural similarity, size, political integration and colonial heritage as determinants of monetary unions. The results motivate a selection model for common currency areas, which I then use to revisit the impact of currency-union mem...

In this paper, an algorithm based on the frequency domain feature extraction method is discussed for the detection of currency. This method efficiently utilizes the local spatial features in a currency image to recognize it. The entire system is pre-processed for the optimal and efficient implementation of two dimensional discrete wavelet transform (2D DWT) which is used to develop a currency r...

The present paper examines the ability to evaluate prices in a familiar currency (French francs, Portugese escudos, or Irish punt) and in an unfamiliar currency (euro). Participants evaluated prices for different items either by selecting the most appropriate price from a set of alternatives (in a timed or not-timed version) or by directly producing a price estimate for each item. The results f...

In 2020-2021 where the world experienced a Covid-19 pandemic, price of Bitcoin increased and there was fairly high spike at turn year had touched an all-time (ATH) end 2021. is one currencies crypto that volatile when compared to exchange rates widely used currencies. addition, movements are difficult predict. The samples Euro, Pound Sterling, Yuan, Yen, Ruble, Franc, Bitcoin. data in form some...