The transverse tubular (t)-system of skeletal muscle couples sarcolemmal electrical excitation with contraction deep within the fibre. Exercise, pathology and the composition of the extracellular fluid (ECF) can alter t-system volume (t-volume). T-volume changes are thought to contribute to fatigue, rhabdomyolysis and disruption of excitation-contraction coupling. However, mechanisms that under...

We studied SU(2) flux distributions on four dimensional Euclidean lattices with one dimension very large. By choosing the time direction appropriately we can study physics in two cases: one is finite volume in the zero temperature limit, another is finite temperature in the intermediate to large volume limit. We found that for cases of β > βc there is no intrinsic string formation. Our lattices...

BACKGROUND Glycolytic flux in the mouse heart during the progression of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and mechanical dysfunction has not been described. METHODS The main objectives of this study were to characterize the effects of thoracic aortic banding, of 3- and 6-week duration, on: (1) left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function of perfused working hearts quantified by anal...

The presence of lignin and its degraded products such as tannin and humic acids is the main reason causing the aerobically-treated palm oil mill effluent (AT-POME) to display colour at the point of discharge. In this work, a hybrid method is developed to treat the AT-POME sample that was conventionally treated by biological method. This hybrid method combines coagulation and nanofiltration (NF)...

Despite a long history of synergy, current techniques for integrating Geographic Information System (GIS) software with hydrologic simulation models do not fully utilize the potential of GIS for modeling hydrologic systems. Part of the reason for this is a lack of GIS data models appropriate for representing fluid flow in space and time. Here we address this challenge by proposing a spatiotempo...

Finite-volume schemes developed in the meteorological community that permit long time steps are considered. These include Eulerian flux-form schemes as well as fully two-dimensional and cascade cellintegrated semi-Lagrangian (CISL) schemes. A oneand two-dimensional Von Neumann stability analysis of these finite-volume advection schemes is given. Contrary to previous analysis, no simplifications...

Given a P1 conforming or nonconforming Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) solution ph, which approximates the exact solution p of the diffusion-reaction equation −∇ · K∇p+ αp = f with full tensor variable coefficient K, we evaluate the approximate flux uh to the exact flux u = −K∇p by a simple but physically intuitive formula over each finite element. The flux is sought in the continuous (in...

We present an internal pumping strategy to enhance solute fluxes in polymer gels. The method is based on electroosmotic flow driven by an electric field applied across a gel that has been doped with charged colloidal inclusions. This work is motivated by the need to enhance the transport in gel-based biosensor devices whose response dynamics are often mass transfer limited. In this case, polyac...

Red blood cells of several species are known to exhibit a ouabain-insensitive, anion-dependent K+ (Rb+) flux that is stimulated by cell swelling. We have used rabbit red cells to study the kinetics of activation and inactivation of the flux upon step changes in tonicity. Sudden hypotonic swelling (210 mosmol) activates the flux after a lag period of 10 min at 37 degrees C and 30-50 min at 25 de...

Many astrophysical problems arising within the context of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, very-high energy gamma rays or neutrinos, require calculation of the flux produced by sources tracing the distribution of galaxies in the Universe. We discuss a simple weighting scheme, an application of the method introduced by Lynden-Bell in 1971, that allows the calculation of the flux sky map directly f...