moebius syndrome is a rare congenital disorder of the facial and abducens nerve. other cranial nerves may be involved, such as v, ix and xii. several central nervous system anomalies including hypoplastic or dysplastic brain stem, straightening of the fourth ventricle floor, focal necrosis and calcifications of cranial nerve nuclei have been reported in association with moebius syndrome, but we...

Previous studies of mice have demonstrated that an orchestrated sequence of innate and adaptive immune responses is required to control West Nile virus (WNV) infection in peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) tissues. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL; also known as CD253) has been reported to inhibit infection with dengue virus, a closely related flavivirus, ...

Central nervous system infection by the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) results in chronic demyelination characterized by viral persistence in the absence of infectious virus. CD8(+) T cells inhibit acute viral replication via cell type-specific effector mechanisms. Perforin-mediated cytolysis controls virus in microglia/macrophages and astrocytes, whereas interferon (IFN...

Viral infection of the central nervous system can lead to disability and death. Yet the majority of viral infections with central nervous system involvement resolve with only mild clinical manifestations, if any. This is generally attributed to efficient elimination of the infection from the brain coverings, i.e. the meninges, ependyma and chorioplexus, which are the primary targets of haematog...

Theiler's virus, a murine picornavirus, infects the central nervous systems of C57BL/6 mice and is cleared after approximately 10 days by a process which requires CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. We used perforin-deficient C57BL/6 mice to test the role of this protein in viral clearance. Perforin-deficient mice died from viral encephalomyelitis between days 12 and 18 postinoculation. They had high level...

Over 200 diseases with different etiologies have been determined in dry beans and green beans. However, viral seem to cause the greatest economic da-mage legume production most parts of world. Dry can be infected by 44 viruses including Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), necrosis (BCMNV), yellow (BYMV) Cucumber (CMV). Transmission through seeds and/or spread aphids non-persistent manner play impo...

The aim of this study was to investigate whether observed time-until-death of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) juveniles in separate challenge tests with Vibrio anguillarum (causes vibriosis) and nodavirus [causes viral nervous necrosis (VNN)] are due to differences in susceptibility (whether at risk or not) or increased endurance (individual hazard, given that the animal is susceptible) using a ...