Inflammatory responses, while essential for pathogen clearance, can also be deleterious to the host. Chemical inhibition of topoisomerase 1 (Top1) by low-dose camptothecin (CPT) can suppress transcriptional induction of antiviral and inflammatory genes and protect animals from excessive and damaging inflammatory responses. We describe the unexpected finding that minor DNA damage from topoisomer...

background more than two billion people have been exposed to hepatitis b virus (hbv) worldwide. furthermore, four hundred million of them are infected with chronic hbv infection. the predominant mutation of the precore region involves a g to a change at nucleotide1896, which creates a premature stop codon at codon 28. two mutations of a1762t and g1764a are reported as the most prevalent mutatio...

background: serial measurement of  hepatitis b virus (hbv) dna levels in the liver and its relation with liver damage and serum hbv dna levels are guide to begin and/or end a treatment course. this study evaluated the relationship between liver hepatitis b dna viral load with liver histology in patients with chronic hepatitis b (hbv). methods:  thirty patients with chronic anti-hbe positive hep...

background: viral load and alanine aminotransferase (alt) levels may not be the key points for making a decision in the treatment of anti-hbe positive chronic hepatitis b. the purpose of this study was to assess the histological evaluation of liver to find the need for treatment on 72 patients with anti-hbe positive chronic hepatitis b. methods: the liver biopsy slides of the 72 patients (56 su...

background diagnosis and control programs for infectious diseases among immigrants are the most important aspects of epidemiological studies for both origin and destination countries. data about hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection among the afghan immigrants in iran is limited. objectives to the best of hbv treatment and prevention in afghan immigrants in iran, the present study was conducted to ...

BACKGROUND Polyomavirus BK nephropathy (PyVAN) remains an important cause of early graft dysfunction and graft loss in kidney transplantation. METHODS In this retrospective, single centre cohort study we studied the incidence and outcome of BK viral infection in 352 patients transplanted in 2008-2011. RESULTS During follow-up viral replication was detected in 48 patients (13.6%); 22 patient...

BACKGROUND Indigowoad root polysaccharide (IRPS) is a natural polysaccharide isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Radix Isatidis, and has many kinds of biological activities. However, the IRPS antiviral activity, especially the anti-porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) effect, has not been evaluated. METHODS PRRSV was propagated in the MARC-145 cell line...

Vaccination and the application of a vaginal microbicide have traditionally been considered independent methods to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1 to women. Both techniques can be effective in macaque models, and limited efficacy has been observed in clinical trials for each. Here, we have addressed whether vaccines and microbicides can be used together to provide reinforced protection...

BACKGROUND The week 48 primary analysis of the ENCORE1 trial established the virological non-inferiority and safety of efavirenz 400 mg compared with the standard 600 mg dose, combined with tenofovir and emtricitabine, as first-line HIV therapy. This 96-week follow-up of the trial assesses the durability of efficacy and safety of this treatment over 96 weeks. METHODS ENCORE1 was a double-blin...

The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Vif protein has a crucial role in regulating viral infectivity. However, we found that newly synthesized Vif is rapidly degraded by cellular proteases. We tested the dose dependence of Vif in non-permissive H9 cells and found that Vif, when expressed at low levels, increased virus infectivity in a dose-dependent manner. Surprisingly, however, the range of...