conventional treatment of naja naja oxiana (nno) envenoming requires large volumes of equine antivenin raised against nno crude venom. the poor efficiency of this antivenin is assumed to be due to the high molecular weight non-toxic proteins, a strong immunogen, present in the crude venom. these proteins cause depression of antibody formation against the low molecular weight toxic components of...

b a ckground: scorpions stings are a health problem in many parts of the world. mesobuthus eupeus (buthidae) is the most prevalent species in the middle east and central asia. definition of toxicogenic and immunogenic characteris- tics of the venom is necessary to produce antidote. in this study, the noted properties of m. eupeus venom were eval- uated. m e t hods: venom was obtained by milking...

neutralization effects of acorus calamus and withania somnifera root extracts were tested against echis carinatus venom. both plant extracts were effectively neutralized the various pharmacological activities induced by echis carinatus venom. about 0.14 mg of acorus calamus and 0.16 mg of withania somnifera root extracts were able to completely neutralize the lethal activity of 2ld 50 of echis ...

temporary paralysis is a rare manifestation of envenoming following the yellow iranian scorpion, odontobuthus doriae (o. doriae). thus, to elucidate the underlying mechanism, we investigated the neurotoxic effect of venom in the sciatic nerve, the possible mechanism in a mice model. the neurotoxicity and temperature effects in the venom-induced neurotoxicity were examined using the mouse sciati...

the chitosan nanoparticles used widely as a drug delivery systems recently. in the present study the echis carinataus snake venom loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared based on ionic gelation of tripolyphosphate and chitosan. the nanoparticles physicochemical characteristics, stability and biological activity of encapsulated venom were studied. the particles were spherical in shape and th...

although some venoms and their isolated compounds have been shown to have antibacterial properties, most have not been investigated for such activity. echis carinatus is one of the most venomous snakes in the world and has an effective haematotoxic venom that destroys endothelial cells and causes haemorrhagia. in this study, the antibacterial activity of iranian snake echis carinatus venom agai...

background : envenomation by hemiscorpius lepturus is not painful and the clinical manifestations include bloody urine due to hemoglobinuria or hematuria, dermonecrotic reactions,cardiac arrhythmia and in minority of cases acute renal failure which may lead to death following disseminated intravascular coagulation in infants. cardiac effects of envenomation by h. lepturus venom including inotro...

A paradoxical task of the venom gland of snakes is the synthesis and storage of an instantly available suite of toxins to immobilize prey and the protection of the snake against its own venom components. Furthermore, autolysis of the venom constituents due to the action of venom metalloproteases is an additional problem, particularly among viperid venoms, which are typically rich in lytic enzym...

objective(s):cone snails are estimated to consist of up to 700 species. the venom of these snails has yielded a rich source of novel peptides. this study was aimed to study the analgesic effect of persian gulf conus textile and its comparison with morphine in mouse model. materials and methods: samples were collected in larak island. the venom ducts were isolated and kept on ice then homogenize...