In recent years urologists have concentrated on the intense introduction of minimally invasive methods for the treatment of urinary tract diseases with major progress noted in the treatment of urolithiasis. Nowadays extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) are widely used in the treatment of urinary tract lithiasis. T...

In the first part of this review similarities and differences between physiological and pathological biomineralization (bone and tooth formation, osteoarticular and tooth pathologies, urolithiasis) are discussed. Both processes may be seen as the deposition of ionic crystals from high ionic strength solutions upon / within a preformed organic matrix and the presence or deficiency of crystalliza...

Introduction: Urolithiasis is the formation of biomineral stones in urinary tract, kidneys, and bladder. The (uroliths) still a multifactorial complex phenomenon that has not been clearly understood; this cannot be attributed to leading increased excretion stone-forming components. Renal stones' etiology well understood. Some studies stated demographics population have strong correlation as ris...