Today large number of population suffers from kidney stone disease has increasing due to change in living conditions. Kidney stone formation or urolithiasis is a complex process that results from a succession of several physicochemical events including supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention within the kidney. The treatments used are extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy...

The construction of guidelines for management of renal stone disease is complicated by several issues. First, diagnosis is critical to good management, but levels of evidence have not been described for diagnostic tests particularly when there is no comparative test of 100% sensitivity and specificity. Second, the disease is managed by a variety of specialties, mainly urology, and hence nephrol...

The urine from 180 children with bladder stone disease (BSD) was cultured for evidence of urinary tract infection. Fifty eight (22.2%) BSD children had positive urine culture. E. Coli was the commonest organism (52%) followed by B. Proteus (3 1%). There was a significant relationship (P<0.00l) between high urinary pH and growth of B. Proteus whereas E. Coli was positively correlated with lower ...

OXALATE Stone powder (2-3 mg) is moistened on an ordinary glass slide with two to three drops of 20% nitric acid and is slowly heated over a small flame to dryness and then for a further 5-10 seconds but without charring. The following results may be noticed: (a) formation of a conspicuous reddish-brown froth indicating ammonium urate; (b) formation ofa flat purplish-brown layer, evidence of ur...

Introduction The concentration of substances, including urea, creatinine, and uric acid, can be used as an index to measure toxic uremic solutes in the blood during dialysis and interdialytic intervals. The on-line monitoring of toxin concentration allows for the clearance measurement of some low-molecular-weight solutes at any time during hemodialysis.The aim of this study was to determine the...

fasting during the month of ramadan is one of the five pillars of islam. during this holy month, healthy muslims abstain from eating, drinking, and smoking from dawn to dusk. although fasting is obligatory for every adult muslim, if it has hazardous effects on the body, it is prohibited. due to some islamic principles, patients are exempted from fasting; however, due to the willingness of some ...

there have been no statistical findings published on normal levels for glucose, urea, uric acid, and cholesterol in iran. this is an attempt as a pilot project, to look into the matter. for this purpose one thousand healthy individuals consisting of 333 females and 667 males of mixed age group were tested by an automated method (technicon sma), and a manual method (bio medic diagnostic kits) fo...

Renal handling of uric acid mainly occurs in the proximal tubule, and bidirectional transport of urate may involve apical absorption via the urate-anion exchanger (URAT1) and basolateral uptake via organic anion transporters (OAT1 and OAT3). In rat kidneys, we investigated whether the protein abundance of URAT1, OAT1, and OAT3 is affected by the increase in uric acid intake. Male Sprague-Dawley...