T he interchange fees associated with debit and credit cards have long been a controversial issue in the retail payments system. These fees are paid by a merchant to the cardholder’s bank (the so-called issuer) through the merchant-acquiring bank (the so-called acquirer) when credit or debit card payments are processed. Merchants have criticized that card networks (such as Visa and MasterCard) ...

The decision making process in transportation is often about making a choice between alternative solutions to a problem. To select the best alternative, the decision should be based on results from a careful study of the implications of the alternatives. This paper presents the results of a study comparing two alternative interchange designsDiverging Diamond and Conventional Diamond Interchange...

this study investigated the utilization of intertextuality in the fourth edition of the interchange book series for english as foreign language (efl) learners using fairclough’s (1992) framework. ten texts were randomly chosen among the reading passages of the interchange book series and later analyzed regarding intertextuality kinds and methods of reporting. findings indicated that two types o...

Enterprises often need to communicate and exchange data among each other. Previously, such communication was mainly achieved by human contact, letter exchange, by telephone and by fax. In the early stage of the Internet and electronic procurement (e-Procurement), enterprises built the channel for exchanging data by using EDI (Electronic Data Interchange). However, in the later stage of the deve...

This document defines the standard format for interchange of Network News articles among USENET sites. It describes the format for articles themselves, and gives partial standards for transmission of news. The news transmission is not entirely standardized in order to give a good deal of flexibility to the individual hosts to choose transmission hardware and software, whether to batch news, and...