The rapid proliferation of festivals experienced by cities round the world over last four decades was brought to a sudden halt in early 2020 coronavirus pandemic. Planned gatherings ranging from local arts global megaevents were summarily abandoned, postponed, or converted digital alternatives. This paper opens with contextual introduction. ensuing section considers reasons for seemingly unfe e...

In this paper, we investigate the optimization of mutual proportional reinsurance—a mutual reserve system that is intended for the collective reinsurance needs of homogeneous mutual members, such as P&I Clubs in marine mutual insurance and reserve banks in the US Federal Reserve, where a mutual member is both an insurer and an insured. Compared to general (non-mutual) insurance models, which in...

I n October 2001, a National Academies committee was convened to examine the responsibilities of authorship in the biological sciences. This blue ribbon group was drawn broadly from academia, the commercial sector, and scientific publishing and was chaired by Tom Cech, president of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The committee evaluated the responsibilities of authors to share data and mat...