The current sedimentological and petrographical research of the Abbottabad Formation has been carried out in order to understand formation evolution Proto-Tethys Ocean during Cambrian on northern margin Indian Plate. Muzaffarabad region is located east Upper Indus Basin southern part Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis. geological history varies from Precambrian recent period. well exposed along Syntaxis a...

a r t i c l e i n f o Plate tectonics is a self-organizing global system driven by the negative buoyancy of the thermal boundary layer resulting in subduction. Although the signature of plate tectonics is recognized with some confidence in the Phanerozoic geological record of the continents, evidence for plate tectonics becomes less certain further back in time. To improve our understanding of ...

Near-surface tectonic and geomorphic processes involve cooling of rocks through low temperatures (50^2003C). Because rates of helium diffusion in apatite, titanite, and zircon are sensitive to temperature variations in this range, uranium^thorium/helium thermochronometry ((U^Th)/He dating) is well-suited to establishing the timing and rates of these processes in the geologic record. However, be...

Figure 1. A: Map of Charleston-Nebo salient and northernmost Book Cliffs showing rock units, thrust faults (dashed where buried), key seismic coverage (gray lines), measured stratigraphic sections (1–7; 8 is location of additional Blackhawk sandstone samples), and wells. Rock units: KTs—Cretaceous–Tertiary strata (North Horn and younger formations), Kmv—Cretaceous Mesaverde Group (Blackhawk, Ca...

S U M M A R Y We present a full seismic waveform tomography for upper-mantle structure in the Australasian region. Our method is based on spectral-element simulations of seismic wave propagation in 3-D heterogeneous earth models. The accurate solution of the forward problem ensures that waveform misfits are solely due to as yet undiscovered Earth structure and imprecise source descriptions, thu...